Impact of Exchange Rates on Stock Market: Evidence from Pakistan

Impact of Ex switch over order on hold Market Evidence from PakistanToday in the afford introduction opposed property is a line comp unmatchednt or tool for different kinds of c equales, and numerous countries in the world did businesses in un same currencies like in Dollars, Euros etc. on the different hand tendency in the p benthood foodstuff tycoon is a key index for the financial performance of a realm. persuade merchandise may receive bullish or be arr fashion which reflect its relative efficacy in specific te aredness. It alike shows the investor confidence and sen prison termnts toward foodstuffs.The establishment of the sexual congressship among the live agate line grocery store and contrasted reciprocation sum ups is burning(prenominal) for nearly reasons. Initially, it throne affect decisions virtually monetary policy and tax. Gavin (1989) lose it that financial market has a wide-ranging furbish up on the aggregate demand. The po licy shaper should be aw ar virtually the kind regarding credit line market and demand. Secondly, the relation among the aggregate demand and armoury markets may be employ to forecast the direction of the transposition pass judgment. It pull up stakes be single-valued functionful for international firms to actively man get on their vulnerability associated to foreign contracts and supervene upon respect. Thirdly, silver is knock for and soed as a commodity or an asset in portfolio of enthronement funds. So the awareness about the affinity among currency and other assets in the portfolio of investment funds is important.This is non the commencement tailvass to envision at the flip calculate and justice markets in the world as hale as in Pakistan. Like Aquino examine the foreign change over exposure countenance by Philippine companies around the Asian financial crisis. It was conclude that shopworn returns were non statistically meaning(a)ly affected by the imbalance in foreign interchange. except after the crises, in that respect was a large impact of the magnetic variations in deepen rate on the subscriber line certificate returns (Aquino 2005, 2006).Yau and Nieh investigated the consanguinity amid Taiwan dollar/Japanese yen and the line of business prices for the tip from 1991 to 2005. They found that among the exchange rate and the metreworn prices of both countries there was no long-term relationship. But this linkage exists entirely to shorten the period (Yau and Nieh 2006).But the establish field of view is exceptional in the sense that it uses the near late(a) selective information of the exchange rate and stock up market which may give up latest linkage to the investors and other policy extend tors in Pakistan.There are trey stock exchanges known as Karachi Stock transfigure (KSE), Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE) currently operating in Pakistan. Among these Karac hi Stock Exchange (KSE) is get worded as major and the well known stock market of Pakistan. It is regarded as a representative of all three stock exchanges of Pakistan. Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) formed on September 18, 1947. It began its operation with tailfin companies that have paid a capital of Rs.37 millions of dollars. The first index was the 50 index of trade and was done through open-out-cry dodge. But now KSE has 662 listed companies and considers a main economic and business hub of Pakistan. The daily KSE-100 Index published by the Karachi stock exchange is announced at 310 pm. accordingly KSE-100 index derriere be employ as performance indicators of the stock market in Pakistan. KSE played an important role in the sparing of Pakistan in different problems like political, social, financial and other issues (Karachi Stock Exchange, 2011).To key the linkage of foreign exchange rate with justness market is significant because of above reasons. So in this study the seeker tries to identify this relationship by employ various statistical techniques.Rationale of the studyThe currencymarket may be linked with honor marketin m any(prenominal) different guidances. It can be seen that if there is an upward trend in the stock market, then there forget be a large influx of foreign capital in the re existence ascribable to international investors. This influx of foreign bills would be a key indicatorfor the bankruptment of economic position of any country. The adversary excessively sustains that if there is a long downtrend visible on the stock market, foreign investors, the most likely rush to sell their shares that would have a veritable impact on the stock market of a country. This reasoning can be applied to all currencies and stock markets in the whole world (Kathy Lien, 2009).The basic idea behind this study is to submit a lead to the stock brokers, managers, planners, policy makers and regulatory authorities that they actively share learning about the change in macroeconomic variables. AND also provide vast in shaping essential for them, which may be employ for future decisions about stocks and stock markets of Pakistan especially about KSE noting the movement of the exchange rate in Pakistan. This investigation is also useful for executives, managers, responsible for the decisions, exploreers and scholarly persons who are not old(prenominal) with the exchange rate and securities markets in Pakistan. difficulty identificationDue to globalization and techno put downical innovations any one can access the foreign markets. The business in foreign countries needed to intact with change in exchange rate dynamics. Since, the exchange rate can be defined as the price of currency of one country expressed in the currency of another country. So the change in the exchange rate mogul have nigh impact on the macroeconomic variables of any country. The stock market of Pakistan may be influenced due to change in excha nge rate. So to identify this impact of exchange rate on the stock market is a matter which requires intentions.Problem StatementThe main digest of this study is to know that, how exchange rate affects the faithfulness market of Pakistan? It gain ground explores the direction ( imperative or prejudicial) and strength of relationship among exchange rate and stock market in Pakistan. For this purpose tec links the exchange rate with equity market of Pakistan to see a clear picture about them as they influence several other variables.Research QuestionWhat is the realistic impact of exchange rate fluctuation on the equity market of Pakistan?ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the effect of exchange rate on the Karachi stock exchange. The objectives of the study are.To analyzes the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan..To determines whether the impact is statistically significant or not.ResourcesResources admit financial data of KSE, articles, books, new spaper and internet. The data pull up stakes be peaceful from yahoo finance and the website of Karachi Stock Exchange.Scope of the interrogationIt is believe that the financial position of an economy is vulnerable to the foreign exchange rate. So it is real crucial to explore the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market. The present study is an effort to investigate this important survey and it tries to analyze the impact of exchange rate on the equity market of Pakistan.LITERATURE REVIEWIn the maintaining subdivision, there are many studies associated to this area of study that has been investigated earlier by other detectives.Hussain et al. examined the Impact of Macroeconomics Variables on Stock market by exploitation the periodical data of some macroeconomic variables such(prenominal) as foreign exchange rate, broad bullion M2, whole sale price (WSP) index, industrial production index (IPI), swinish fixed capital formation and foreign exchange reserve. Th e period of time to study was started from 1986 to 2008. The result showed that, after the reform in 1991, the pressure of the exchange rates and militia effects significantly to the equity market, spot the variables as IIP, and GFCF had no significant effect on the stock prices. In addition, think that internal factors of the companies such as increasing the production and capital formation had no significant effect while external factors such as the exchange rate and reserves significantly affected the stock prices. (Hussain et al. 2009).Nishat and Shaheen analyzed long-term relationships among set of macroeconomic variables and the equity market of Paksitan. The macroeconomic variables that were utilise in their study includes industrial production index (IPI), the consumer price index (CPI), M1 and the revalue of an investment earning the money market rate. Vector error field simulate was use to investigate the relationship from 1973 to 2004. It can be revealed that there is a fundamental connection between the equity market and the economy and showed that industrialized creation was the major positive determinant of Pakistani stock prices. On the other hand, inflation was the major interdict determinant of equity prices in Pakistan. It was established that the macroeconomic variable granger ca apply stock movements in prices, the reverse causality was observed in the variable in industrial production and the stock prices. In addition, argued that statistically significant durations between fluctuations in the bag and changes in the real economy were relatively short. Additionally, it was further argued that statistically significant lag lengths between fluctuations in the stock market and changes in the real economy were relatively short (Nishat Shaheen, 2004).Bhattacharya et al. analyzed a boldness study to explore the linkage between stock market and macroeconomic variables such as Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange reserves and place of champi onship Balance. They apply method of non-causation that was considered by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) for the period from 1990 to 2001. Proxy use in the investigation of stock market was Indian, the Bombay sensitive Index (BSI). The three major macroeconomic variables incorporated in the investigation was effective exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. The study revealed the attractive resulted in the expression of the stock market Indian, mainly as regards the exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. It is nominateed that there is no relation between cost and equity the three macroeconomic variables studied ( Bhattacharya Mukherjee, 2001).Dimitrova examined the association between stock prices and the exchange rates using multivariate model. He rivet on the stock markets in America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) during the period 1990-2004. The result of the study shows that there was a relationship between the exc hange rate and the stock market. The examiner stressed that there was a positive correlation when the price of actions were the main variable and be expected negative when exchange rates were the main variable. (Dimitrova, 2005).Sohail et al. runed a study on Lahore stock exchange (LSE), the objective of that study was to observed the long-term, as well as the short-term associations between Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and some important variables. apply the monthly data for the variables from 2002 to 2008, it was found that there was a negative impact of the consumer price index (CPI) on the stock market returns in Pakistan while industrial production index (IPI), real effective exchange rate, the money supply had an important positive long-term effect on stock returns to Pakistan(Sohail Hussain, 2009).Robert Gay investigated time series relationship between stock exchange index and some of the macroeconomic variables of the price of oil and the type of change in China, India, R ussia and Brazil, using the Box-Jenkins auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. It came to the conclusion of his study in which there was no significant association between exchange rate and the price of oil on the index of the stock market of these countries. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between past and present yields of the stock markets in these countries (Gay, 2008).METHODSampleSince there are 660 listed companies in Karachi stock exchange of Pakistan on November 7, 2010. This interrogation uses KSE-100 Index as a benchmark to find out the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.Instrument and MeasuresThis research bequeath be based on guerrillaary sources, thus no questionnaire go out be distri notwithstandinged. The study uses the financial data of last 6 eld of Karachi stock exchange (one of the major stock exchange in Pakistan) and exchange rate. This study lead investigates the impact of foreign exchange ra te on equity market in Pakistan.This study uses KSE-100 index as a legate of equity market of Pakistan and uses exchange rate between dollar and rupees to analyze the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity markets of Pakistan. So, this research treats KSE-100 index as the dependant variable and exchange rate as independent variables.ProcedureThe following statistical tools will be used to examine the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.descriptive statisticsCorrelation matrixRegression digestDescriptive statistics illustrate the main features of a collection of data quantitatively. It may include mean, median, mode, standard deviation, maximum and minimum. Correlation model will be tried to observe the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market of Pakistan. It will also enlighten about the direction and strength of relationship between the variables. Further to find out the impact of exchange rate on stock market of Pakistan, the study will performed the regression analysis.The data of Karachi stock exchange will be compared with the data of exchange rate of Pakistan. Statistical tools including timeline graphs and others will be constructed and made use of to determine the respective(prenominal) effects and a comparison between exchange rate and equity market.Research papers of various authors related to the study will be studied and judge against with the results of this particular research.REFRENCESBhattacharya, B., Mukherjee, J. (2001). Causal Relationship Between Stock Market And Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange Reserves and Value Of Trade Balance A Case Study For India.Website http//mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7297/Cruz, M., Walters, B. (June 2008). Is the Accumulation of International Reserves inviolable for Development.Cambridge Journal of stintings.website http//cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/32Dimitrova, D. (August 2005). The Relationship between Exchange Rates and Stock Prices Studied in Multivariate Mo del.Issues in policy- devising Economy, 14. Website http//org.elon.edu/ipe/DimitrovaElizabeth. (2006).the oxford dictionary of Phrase and Fable.Retrieved February 10, 2010, from Encyclopedia. website http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214Encyclopedia. (2009).The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of current English. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from Encyclopedia.websitehttp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999Gay, R. D. ( display 2008). Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Market Returns for quaternity Emerging Economies Brazil, Russia, India and China.International Business Economics Research Jornal, 7.Websitehttp//www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.comGulf News. (2008).Investment. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from gulfnews.websitehttp//gulfnews.com/business/investment/pakistanHussain, D. I. (2009). Why does Pakistan have to accumulate foreign reserves?Website http//ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/papersKarachi Stock Exchange. (2010).introduction. Retrieved February 2010, from Karachi Stock Exchange website http//www.kse.com.pkMinistry of Finance Islamabad, Govt of Pakistan. (n.d.). Capital Markets.Economic Survey of Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan Govt of Pakistan.Mohammad, S. D., Hussain, A., Ali, A. (2009). Impact of Macroeconomics Variables on Stock Prices Emperical Evidance in Case of KSE.European Journal of Scientific Research, 38 no. 1, 96-103.Websitehttp//pdfcast.org/pdf/impact-of-macroeconomicseNishat, D. M., Shaheen, R. (2004). Macro-Economic Factors and Pakistani justice Market.State Bank of Pakistan. (2010, January). Foreign Reserves. Lahore, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan.Should Children of outlaw(prenominal) Immigrants seize an Education?Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Get an Education?Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Be satisfactory to Get an Education?Education is a very(prenominal) important idea that impacts our nation as a whole. well-nigh American citizens think familiarity is needed for all(prenominal)one while others dont. With the rise of embezzled immigration, more and more raft are wondering whether or not the children of misbranded immigrants should have the resembling rights as the children of American citizens. more people say that it is too pricey to give them an arguing, but if they dont get an grooming, the United States can see negative effects in the future. It is only right that children of illegal immigrants have the luck to get an education in order to learn the skills to make their lives and the country better.Illegal immigrants come to the United States knowing that they are at the hazard of getting caught, going to jail, and getting deported out of the country. This causes a lot of worship and anxiety in their every day lives. The main reason many immigrants come here is for work and to better their familys lives. To better their familys lives, their children need an education. Today, children of illegal immigrants still have the chance to get an education because of the 1982 case, Plyer v. Doe, where the U.S. positive Court ruled (5-4) that a 1975 Texas law disowning public-school education to children of illegal aliens go against the 14th Amendments equal-protection clause (Miller). Having this law is very economic aidful for those who do not have a citizenship. Most children of illegal immigrants face many obstacles end-to-end their schooling. Some start out not knowing English very well and do not have the table service they need from their parents at home. Giving them the basic studies and a place for them to learn can ease these kids develop in a way that would not be realistic without a public education.The numbers of illegal immigrants continue to go up in the US, but mostly in states like Texas, Florida, and California. According to Berna Miller, the education of these children is important because California is already facing a shortage of highly skilled workers. If children of illegal immigrants are not allowed an education, they may turn t o gangs and evil because they do not have a bully foundation. If these kids grow up with violence and drugs around, it only makes their communities more dangerous for everybody. And not having a good education does not help in getting a theorise in the future. The same happens when the situation is turned around. If children of illegal immigrants are prone an opportunity to become more skilled, they can get a better job later on which will help out the economy. Some argue that the costs of educating these children is too high, but when compared to the possibility of these children developing into adults who moderate to the economy, the United States can see itself having positive long term effects.Although some people feel that illegal immigrants shouldnt come to the United States, others feel the opposite. T for each oneers, schools and universities are standing up for the rights of undocumented children or children with undocumented parents. In November 30, 2016 presidents of 27 Jesuit colleges and universities pledged themselves to protect to the fullest extent of the law undocumented assimilators on our campuses and to promote retention of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Program (A pledge to protect Dreamers). It is important that these schools stand up for the rights of illegal immigrants children because not all had a weft when coming to this country. The presidents that stood up for these kids said their communities are immeasurably enriched by the presence, intelligence, and pull contributions of undocumented students, as well as of faculty and staff of every color and from every faith tradition (A pledge to protect Dreamers). That statement shows that having people from other cultures in the same education system helps everyone. Children of illegal immigrants are getting the chance to educate themselves while they also make their school better with their culture.Another problem that comes up with educating children of illegal immig rants is that even so though they can get a public school education, most do not go to college. In 2008, about 65,000 illegal immigrants calibrated from American high schools, but only 5 percent went on to college (Preston). This can be because most immigrants do not have a lot of money and cannot apply for financial aid to help their kids. And if their children are illegal as well, they can feel afraid of being capable when going to a university. Not helping these kids can be defamatory in the future because they will remain low-skilled workers. In this day and age it is very important that people get a good education to get high turn outing jobs. This is why the DREAM act helps these kids a lot. The idea behind the Dream Act is that the U.S. should assimilate, rather than expel, dedicated unseasoned people who are not at fault for their illegal consideration (Preston). By large-minded these kids the chance to better themselves, the United States can cast away more in the future. By helping children of immigrants, we are creating members of a hunting lodge that can contribute economically or even culturally. This helps the whole nation. It is truthful that even people who dont support these kids now will see a good change in this country later. Even if theyre illegal, these kids can defecate the next invention that can change the world.Many people are supporting the higher education of illegal immigrant children. According to Rosa Ramirez, a student at Miami-Dade College was classified as an out-of-state student because she could not provide the legal status of her parent. In the case, it is said that the student was born in Florida and that she had graduated high school in the state. The universitys rule was making her fall in a lot more because of her parents status. It should not matter where her parents stand, what really matters is a persons motivation to get a good education. By making her pay extra, she had another obstacle to face before she could go to college. If she did not deliver up, she would have lost the chance to continue getting a higher education. Luckily a Florida judge ruled that making her pay out-of-state guardianship violates the equal protection of the laws guaranteed under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. More and more cases like this are being won by children of illegal immigrants. This shows that people are opening up their eyes to the importance of education for everyone and that if someone is voluntary to put in effort to get an education, then they deserve it.It has not been easy in the past years for children of illegal immigrants to depict for public schooling. Even if the law says they should get an education, a lot of schools in the country are making it hard for these kids to enroll. According to Tim Walker, one 17 year-old student recounted to the researchers that she was told that she could not start school until after exams, delaying her enrollment by quartette weeks. This is because some schools think that children of illegal immigrants are going to fail when winning standardized tests. These schools are afraid of looking bad by evaluate these students. Education should be about making people better not just caring about grades. Another thing that some public schools do is make up a lot of rules that have to do with residency or they make the enrollment process too hard for some immigrant families to understand. Some measure if a public school does not necessitate to accept a student, they will steer students to alternative education programs, including, but not limited to, those intended for children with serious behavioural problems, even if the student in question displays no such issues (Walker). This is another unfair way to treat children of illegal immigrants. If a student does not have behavioral problems and only wants to succeed, they should not be forced to take another blackguard top.Even though it seems like the country is split up over this problem, it is good to see things through a humans plain point of view. If a human did nothing wrong and is being denied an education which only makes a them better, then there is a problem. If we let children of illegal immigrants follow their dreams and make something of themselves then we can expect good results. By giving these kids the tools, they can create a better America in the future. Many of them have different talents and intelligence that can be a good thing for this country. Their parents risked a lot to help them have a brighter future. If we deny education to children of illegal immigrants, we are denying the American dream.Works CitedA self-assurance to Protect Dreamers. America 19 Dec. 2016 10. General OneFile. Web. 9 Feb. 2017.Miller, Berna. Educating the other Children. American Demographics Oct. 1997 49. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Preston, Julia. Raised in the U.S., but Still Illegal How Should the U.S. Treat a Million Young People Who Were B rought Here illegitimately as Children? New York Times Upfront 15 Mar. 2010 8. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Ramirez, Rosa. Judge U.S.-Born Children of Undocumented Parents Can Pay In-State Tuition. Nationaljournal.com 6 Sept. 2012 n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Walker, Tim. How Undocumented Students Are Turned Away From Public Schools. NEA Today. N.p., 23 Apr. 2016. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.Interactive Whiteboards Advantages and Disadvantages StudyInteractive Whiteboards Advantages and Disadvantages StudyHaving personally conducted surveys whilst studying at University in England and Australia, I found at times it was frustrating, time down and the strike rate less than 5%.At other times it was very rewarding with the strike rate at a sanitary 30%.Firstly the paper will take a look at four different papers and what pro and cons they gathered on IWBsSecondly the paper will contain a model for conducting a large scale research survey.It will containThe sign degree to i mplement the surveyThe methodology used to collect dataThe questions used in the surveyAnalysis of the dataJustificationThe research is very important for instructors as it let them know if the IWB improves the statement in instruction and learning. It will also help the teachers understand their weaknesses and strengths using new technology in the pedagogy and learning environment. They will then be able to plan their lessons so the students are able to get a full understanding of the IWB as a teaching tool and not a plaything.The teachers may find they have to teach basic computer skills to the students, such asTerminology (literacy)How to turn their computers onHow to log in and outSoftware useHow to access the internetKey board skillsThe teachers may say that they do not have time to teach a separate subject as it will encroach on the lessons they are teaching.Without recognising the weaknesses of the students, in using the IWB, the students may miss out on rich opportuni ties that are fundamental in their pedagogy growthQuotesAccording to Sudgen that something, as bland as a projected image could be used moveively in this way (Sudgen 2002). The seriousies he experienced with the IWB showed that there were logging on problems by the students and if the IWB was knocked it had to be re-calibrated (Sudgen 2002)Other problems encountered were light shinning on the IWB caused shadows making it difficult to see the images, the key board only shows lower case letters, making it hard for some students to recognise letters and problems caused by the students resting their hand on the IWB whilst writing (Sudgen 2002)Even with the difficulties Sudgen encountered during the lesson, he found the students worked with each other on how to find the correct word and its spelling using the IWB (Sudgen 2002). He also found by the end of the lesson the students had gained confidence in using the IWB even if they put in the wrong answer, they all supported each other b y offering alternative answers (Sudgen 2002)Research by Dorothy Walker at the Royal Docks Community School in 2003 found some strike results IWBs had on the pedagogy of the students and how it improved the time teachers spent actually teaching.With the help of the deputy head, Tom Smith, Walker found that the teachers where getting 20 25 per cent more time teaching (Walker 2003)The school was that impressed with the value of the IWB they have 54, which are housed in a purpose built construction (Walker 2003)Smith has asked to be benched marked against other schools, but as until now Ofsted cant find anyone like us (Walker 2003)The Docklands school has 1,200 who announce over 48 languages, this made Smith search for innovative technologies to help the students, whose special needs exceeded 10 times the national average.When Smith first saw the IWB he knew it would help with literacy, as many of the students are opthalmic learners (Walker 2003)The students are enthusiastic in hel ping new teachers use the IWB as well, (the teachers) receive extensive in house genteelness (Walker 2003)The students use the IWB to interact with each others ideas by sharing their work, with over 600 PCs in the school the students can access the IWB to evaluate what they have be presented with in the previous lessons as well as being able to download their homework.Hull University together with Promethean (the maker of IWBs) and with funding from NESTA carried out research in August 2002, to find out how effective IWBs are in delivering duty in the teaching and learning environment (Hull University 2002)The aim of the project over devil years, focaliseed on 200 schoolroom observations in schools and colleges.During the observations the researches tell the strengths and weaknesses of the teachers using IWBs in teaching and learning.The data collected helped them develop digital resources used for research in the learning environment.The researchers found that teachers have t o consider that IWBs can be beneficial for teaching if they make sure the students can see the fonts from all areas of the classroom, they can all hear the IWB and that light ledger entry the room may make the IWB hard to read.They found that teaches could use tuner technology so they dont have to go back to their computer, also the teachers could use the IWBs technology to save time by deliverance the WEB sites accessed on the hard drive (Hull University 2002)Using an interactive whiteboard (IWB)The research taken out relied on a single researcher observing lessons using an interactive white board and conducting interviews with teachersThe primary quill school was purposely built for teachers to use ICT and how it would enhance pedagogy in learning and teaching (Beauchamp 2004)Over the period of two years the teachers where trained on how to use ICT, giving them differing levels of confidence. When they started in the new school the IWB was new to them.The researcher divided up the data collection into four stages information collectionValidation interpretationAction (Beauchamp 2004)The researcher had the consent of the teachers and counselling to observe seven teachers using the IWB over a two day period (Beauchamp 2004)During the lesson the researcher took modern-day notes and after the lesson the researcher had an unstructured interview with the teacher on any issues they had using ICT and the IWBDuring the initial stages the teachers where disposed(p) batch of notice by the researcher what lessons would be observedThe researchers noted the amount of skills the teachers had in using ICT, and teachers pedagogical practices in using ICT.It was noted that there was a range of skills and competencies in using ICT.The researcher categorised the skills and competencies of each teacher by barren / white board substituteApprentice drug userInitiate userAdvanced userSynergistic user (Beauchamp 2004)ValidationAfter the initial var. of the observation the researcher was able to table the characteristics of the teacher and how they progressed.The second stage of observation carried out a year later allowed the teachers time to develop their skills and pedagogy in using ICTDuring the second stage of the research, the focus of the observations matched the skills on the framework developed from the data collected from the initial stage.The interviews conducted with the teachers were taped in order to authorise and ground the findings (Beauchamp 2004)During the second stage interviews the teachers were given the frameworks developed from the first stage. Unlike the initial interviews, the framework provided a structure to the questions asked by the researcherThe research did not take into account the years of experience and age of the teachers, as its aim was to get an overall theatrical performance of all primary school teachers.This eliminated any variables to ensure a model was developed which represented all teachers (Beauchamp 20 04)Interpretation and ActionA soft analysis was used to analyse the data collected by the researcher. The data collected identified common features as well key differences in areas of cognitive and pedagogical development of how teachers used ICT and IWBThe variables noted wereOperating system useMechanical skillsProgram variablesClassroom management and pedagogy (Beauchamp 2004)The researcher noted on occasions there where advancements predominantly in the pedagogical and mechanical skills of the teachers.DifficultiesThe research conducted in the primary school looked at how the teachers used and implemented ICT and IWB in the learning and teaching environment.The research was conducted over two days observing and interviewing the teachers in two stages, with a gap of one year between each stage.The length of time between each stage may of led to a belief by the teachers that they had plenty of time to improve their skills. The evidence presented by the researcher does not suggest the skills where improved in leaps and abounds over the year.Seven teachers took part in the research all had prior knowledge of which lessons would be observed. The small number of teachers used in the research would make it very difficult and probably twine to come to a general consensus.The interviews in stage one were unstructured, whereas in stage two they were taped and structured. The problems of having an unstructured interview would of made the analysis of the data unreliable and complex in being able to validate the findings.Stage TwoThe initial phase to implement the surveyI would look at getting backing from the Education Department to conduct the survey. This would give the survey credibility and help to get participation from the schools management and teachers.The letter to the Department of Education will contain this preambleProblem Definition i.e. The use of the Interactive White Board (IWB) in the teaching and learning environment and how it improves pedagogy.Wi th the event of new technologies used in the classroom there is a need for the system to be investigated. Increasing the knowledge of teachers in the use of IWB will give them knowledge of its potential as a tool in the pedagogy process.If teachers feel more homelike using the IWB it will benefit them in lesson planning, understanding the needs of their students and how to fall upon any difficulties their students may have.The IWB is expensive, but it is here to stay, with the emphasis on using Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in the 21st century classroom.If a teacher feels incompetent in using the IWB they may not use it in primary schools. This could disadvantage the students when they go to higher education.The aim is to ask primary schools to participate in a wide scale research project.Data will be collected by way ofAn online questionnaireInterviewsObservationsThe survey will not contain any personal information on teachers or students.Note The preamble would be written as a letterThe letter will include the questionnaire and any other relevant corporal that will support the proposal.Bu way of a bulletin, primary schools will be asked to participate in a large scale research project. The intellectual of which is to improve the use of new technologies in teaching and learning.The schools will be told that the survey will be online and conducted by way of observation and interviews.They will be able to pick which ones they would be happy to participate in.The schools will be asked to register at an encrypted WEB site.After registration the schools that register will be given a registration number.The schools will be required to provideSize and type of school i.e. private, public, special ed etcSubjects taught using IWBThe range of teachers experienceLocation city suburban, countryThe schools will be then asked to fill in the online questionnaire (below)The surveyAfter amass the online survey an analysing by way by way of graphs the second phase of the survey will come into place.This will entail a appropriately qualified person going to schools and conducting the observations and interviews e.g. retired teacherThe observation and interview will be conducted with an arrangement between the teacher and data collector.The observer will noteThe subject being taught.The grade being taught.What the IWB was used for e.g. Internet, research etc.Length of time the teacher used the IWB.Whether it improved pedagogy or complemented it.The competency of the teacher.During the interview, the observer will ask the teacherHow the IWB complimented their pedagogy.Had they had cookery on the use of the IWBHow long had they been using the IWBWould they like more trainingAny issues they have with the IWBAny improvementsThe interviews should take no longer then five minutes with a tick box sheet and a small comment section.The data collector will then log into the WEB site and upload all the dataConclusionWithout large scale research i t is very easy to vulgarise and come to conclusions that the researcher wants.As we found at Docklands, Smith could not get a benchmark that would help him assess the effectiveness of using the IWBOther researchers collected data from a small group, compared to the amount of schools, yet they tried to generalise their finding to the overall schools populace.It seems that IWBs are going to be the future of teaching, then the Education Departments and Governments need to make certain data collected on the benefits of IWBs needs to quantitive and qualitive, without which could lead to problems in literacy and pedagogy that will impact on teachers and students alike.BibliographyInternetDruin A, et al, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia,13 May 2006Beauchamp Gary, http//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/, Sydney Australia, 15th May 2006Hull University et.al, http//www.thereviewproject.org/about.htm,Sydney Australia, twenty-seventh May 2006Roschelle J, http//www.blackwell-s ynergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006Sudgen D, http//ferl.becta.org.uk/ , Sydney Australia, twenty-seventh May 2006Walker D, http//www.tes.co.uk/, Sydney Australia, 27th May 2006The complete addresseshttp//www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2003.00028.xhttp//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1475939x.asphttp//ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm?resID=2640http//www.tes.co.uk/section/story/?section=Archivesub_section=Online+Educationstory_id=373324Type=0http//www.thereviewproject.org/about.htmBibliographyInternetDruin A, et al, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006Beauchamp Gary, http//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/, Sydney Australia 15th May 2006Roschelle J, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006The complete addresseshttp//www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2003.00028.xhttp//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1475939x.asp