Technology Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology Law - Essay Example The police department is the government wing that is noted not to implement the laws effectively. Despite the fact that t the police officers are to help the citizens obey and respect the rule of law in the process aiding in the implementation of the laws, research in the police department shows that the police officers play a bid role in breaking the law. Police officers are known to be corrupt in the course of the duties. In so doing, they let criminals and other lawbreakers to go against the rule of law because they have been bribed. This forms an obstacle in the government quest for law implementation. The gap created between the laws on the books with the law enforcement creates a huge risk to the society. Criminals and other gangs take advantage of this weakness to terrorize the society members. This creates fear, and the security of the society deteriorates. With poor security investments in the areas cannot take place (Landes & Posner, 1975). The citizens have developed negative attitudes to both the people responsible for regulating the laws, as well as the lawmakers. From history, the lawmakers have been exploiting the public through creation of laws that only favors them and seems to be undermining the citizens. This experience has forced the public to have a negative attitude towards the lawmakers. The public is that the lawmakers cannot make any law that can benefit them; the laws that are always made are weak and burden the poor most (Roland & Verdier, 2003). On the other hand, their attitude towards the law enforcers is even worse. Despite the fact that the law enforcers role is to protecting the public interest through regulation of laws they are putting the public interest in jeopardy by putting theirs first. This makes the public detest the law regulators as much as the lawmakers since they both serve their interest ahead of the public interest (Polinsky & Shavell, 2007). Concerning power balance, the law regulators are claiming that

Examples of Target Market Essay Example for Free

Examples of Target Market Essay According to Adventure Travel in Canada in 1993, 45% of adventure travelers in Manitoba were couples, while the second largest segment was friends with 29. 3%. Solo travelers, families, and businesses made up 15. 1%, 11. 4%, and 4. 7% respectively. The typical adventure traveler was predominantly male (54. 4%) between 19-34 years of age, with 30. 2% of customers traveling with friends or leisure groups. Climb Kenora Co. feels that the industry will continue to grow because rock climbing has entered the mainstream of activity. It is no longer looked at as an activity for the elite. With the opening of indoor climbing facilities, anyone can climb. Climb Kenora Co. feels that business can be gained from the people that have climbed indoors and want to try climbing on real rock. People would choose to climb, so that they can experience something new. In 1993, rock climbing operations accounted for over 12,988 traveler days. Roughly 22% of travelers had previously chosen the same firm. The customer wants to have a good time, at a good price. The main target market for Climb Kenora Co. is male and female persons who are between the age of 18 and 50, traveling with spouse, family and/or friends. In the Winnipeg area alone, there are 139,487 males and 141,265 females in the target market age group. The second group of people that Climb Kenora Co. will target is overworked executives and people in managerial positions who need to get away from their jobs. Large companies that want to build up team spirit through a weekend of fun will also be targeted. In Manitoba, there are about 23,307 males and 13,320 females in executive or managerial positions according to FP Markets Canadian Demographics. There are two levels of ability that make up the target market for Climb Kenora Co. hese fall under the categories of novice and intermediate. Novice climbers would consist of people who have not climbed before or have very little experience. This group of people are looking to try something new and have a good time. Intermediate climbers would consist of people who have climbed before but do not have the proper knowledge, skill, or gear to go out on their own. This group is looking to do more climbing than those in the novice category. Geographically Climb Kenora Co. will focus on Manitoba, which is generally flat, and offers little in the way of outdoor climbing options. Target Market  Your Mix plans to service the consumer market of music fans in North Kildonan, East Kildonan, Transcona, and East St. Paul. According to The Herald, this area has 39,222 residents. Your Mix’s possible market is not limited to a certain nationality, sex, or marital status. The ideal customers are not music fanatics, but are busy individuals with a part time interest in music. Anyone who owns a personal CD player (eg. Sony Discman) or car CD player is also a target for Your Mix. This group is in great need of a service that combines only well liked songs onto one CD because of its convenience. Anyone driving home from work shouldn’t be bothered with searching through piles of CD’s to find their favorite songs. Not only is it a nuisance, but it is dangerous by diverting attention from the road. Theft is also a problem with CD’s. An automobile with one Your Mix CD is less likely to get broken into than one with five or ten CD’s scattered around its interior. By using Your Mix, the amount of CD’s to search through, the large number of CD’s lying around the car, and the hassle of many CD’s with only a few good songs is reduced. At seasonal times of the year, such as Valentines Day and Christmas, couples will also be targeted. A personalized CD of special and meaningful songs a couple has shared is a unique and original gift for spouses, girlfriends, and boyfriends. There are different music interest levels for the possible customers of Your Mix. Music listeners can be classified into three categories: Novice, Average, and Extreme. Novice listeners are primarily song oriented rather than artist dependent. This means that who and what they listen to is dictated by radio and television air play. This group makes up the majority of music listeners because of the easy accessibility and popularity of the radio, and they tend to fall between the ages of 12 – 35. Since the radio promotes songs that are released as â€Å"singles†, which are usually the best or only good songs on an album, radio listeners are more likely to buy CD’s on an impulse and desire to sell that CD when they realize the rest of it isn’t as good. In an effort to gain listeners, radio stations push popular songs into heavy rotation until they become unpopular which ensures that favorites and #1 songs become old faster. This decreases the time it will take for this group to tire of the music. Therefore, the novice listeners who are most susceptible to radio fluctuations in airplay and buy many CD’s impulsively without hearing the entire CD first, are most likely to desire a service that puts only the songs they choose onto one CD. Average listeners have distinct favorite artists, which they follow religiously. They are also interested in other music but are only partially influenced by current trends while remaining faithful and spending the majority of their money on their favorite artist(s). This includes owning all available CD’s and merchandise from that artist. The majority of these listeners tend to be slightly older from age 28 – 70, with the age group being dictated by older bands who have put out more albums. Average listeners are interested in bands that have proved themselves over a number of years, and don’t have just one album or hit song. They would benefit from a service like Your Mix, because it allows them to customize the songs they love by their favorite artist, in as many combinations as they desire. This could include combining songs from their favorite live album, the new album, as well as the first album, to make the perfect mix by they favorite artist. Extreme listeners are major collectors who concentrate their money on rare CD’s, collectables and merchandise and are generally between the ages of 25 – 45. They are sound quality oriented and most likely out of the three groups to have their own CD duplicating equipment. This group constitutes the smallest percentage of the market and will not be as heavily targeted by Your Mix. The group most distinctly targeted by Your Mix will be Novice listeners between the ages of 30 – 45. This ideal age group has the money to spend, knows what kind of music they like, and are less susceptible to media influence than younger groups of Novice listener. They are more likely to keep 2 songs by an artist that they like, rather than being concerned with the image that comes with owning that artists work. They also are part of the â€Å"9 – 5† working sector who are concerned with the time it may take to cycle through a pile of CD’s for only a few good songs. Of the people surveyed by Your Mix, 62% of people noted only 1 or 2 goods songs per CD as the biggest problem with CD’s today and 77% said they would use this service (see Appendix D – Survey Summary).

The Power of Superstition Essay -- Informative Essays superstitious

The Power of Superstition A superstition is the belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation. Superstition is also an irrational abject attitude of mind toward the supernatural, nature, or God or a notion maintained despite evidence to the contrary (Merriam-Webster). Superstitions are the most common relic of the past handed down from the ages. When & where did superstition come from? There is an abundance of superstitions to date. Basic superstitions can be broken down into three broad categories: Predictive, Causative and Conversion. Predictive superstitions are when people believe that a particular superstition will predict an oncoming event. Causative superstitions are based on someone actually doing something to make something bad happen. Conversion superstitions generally combine predictive and causative superstitions (Lechniak). There are many aspects of the wedding superstition. Weddings superstitions are some of the most commonly practiced. A few aspects of wedding superstition are...

Impact of Telecommunication Social or Economical

In 2013, worldwide telecommunications will reach $2. 3 trillion in revenues [1]. The revenue from telecommunication services is projected to grow at the rate of 3. 8 percent [1]. Not only is the telecommunications industry monetarily strong but also has a great impact on the social and economic development of the world. Telecommunications has changed the way people live, interact and conduct businesses. Rwanda, commonly known as â€Å"the Land of a Thousand Hills†, is a country in central Africa. This country faced a civil war in 1993.Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed [9]. After this genocide, one of the most important areas of development that the Government focused on was Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Rwanda, with its hilly terrain, is favorable for growing tea and coffee. Export of tea comprised of 70% of its export [2]. Thus during the U. S. recession of 2009, Rwanda’s GDP grew by 4. 1% in comparison to 11. 2% a year before [4]. The geography of the country and the underdeveloped road/rail transportation adds on to increased cost in exporting goods [2].One of the main reasons for focusing on ICT policy was to convert Rwanda from an agrarian economy to an information-centric economy [3]. In order to achieve this, the Government has implemented National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policy [8]. Earlier in Rwanda, there were a very few newspapers published on a weekly or even on biweekly basis. The Rwandan Government used to broadcast radio all throughout the day in order to educate people [2]. But this effort did not scale nationwide and the nature of information was limited.There were three major telecommunications providers in the country by 2012, because of National ICT policy and privatization of Rwanda’s telecommunications industry. Telecommunications services have provided a broader source of information through the Internet and has facilitated in educating the people of Rwanda across the nation. One of the main health care issues faced in Rwanda is spread of HIV/AIDS. Innovative ways, such as bulk short message services (SMS), have been used to create awareness among people regarding the virus.The Rwanda Government has given out free cell phones to community health care volunteers, in an attempt to help pregnant women [11]. If there are any questions, updates, or complications regarding the pregnancy, health volunteers text the local clinic and get a response within minutes [11]. Such telecommunications services have helped the social development of Rwanda. Up until 2006 telecommunications in Rwanda was state owned monopoly. Since then there has been privatization of the telecommunications industry [5].Privatization of the industry led to the arrival of international telecommunications giants. Foreign investment in the telecommunication industry has become one of the channels for the government to increase its revenue. In the fiscal year of 2011/ 2012, Rwanda’s government lost over $23 million because of fuel tax reduction. During the same fiscal year, Bharti Airtel, one of the international telecommunications giant from India, bought a telecommunications license worth $100 million [5]. The Rwanda Government has used this payment to offset part of Rwanda’s fiscal deficit [6].In order to increase their customer base, all of the telecommunications companies have introduced mobile money services. This service allows customers to send and receive money within the country and also overseas [7]. Almost, Rwf45 billion has been transferred to and from Rwanda from the inception of this service. The telecommunications companies are directly licensed by the National Bank of Rwanda to facilitate mobile money services. The mobile money service has helped in providing more financial services [10].Telecommunications has helped economic development of the country by enabling easy transfer of money [7]. In conclusion, ICT is helping to re-build Rwanda. The National ICT policy and action plan re-emphasizes the importance of ICT. Telecommunications has helped Rwanda develop socially and economically. This analysis has made me realize that telecommunications is not just any other industry, but has the power to change lives of millions. References: [1] Anonymous (2012). ‘Worldwide Telecommunications Industry Revenue to Reach $2. Trillion in 2013, [Online] Available: http://www. kten. com/story/20754074/worldwide-telecommunications-industry-revenue-to-reach-22-trillion-in-2013-says-insight-research-corp Accessed on January 30, 2013. [2] Anonymous. [Online] Available: http://www. historycentral. com/nationbynation/Rwanda/Economy. html Accessed on January 30, 2013 [3] K. David (2004, May). ‘IMPLEMENTING THE NATIONAL ICT POLICY AND PLAN in RWANDA’ [Online]. Available: http://www. powershow. com/view/200885-ZTVmZ/IMPLEMENTING_THE_NATIONAL_ICT_POLI

Great Expectations Essay

As part of my GCSE coursework, I have read two novels written by Charles Dickens. The first novel is ‘Oliver Twist’, from, whwhich I will look at a villain called Bill Sikes who is a thief, a housebreaker, a murderer and one of Ddickens’ most menacing characters. I will look at how Dickens characterises him as a villain. s makes him a villain. The second book I read was ‘Great Expectations’, infrom which I will look at another villain called Magwitch who bullies a young boy named Pip into helping him q. escaping from prison. I will also look at how Dickens characterises himmakes him as a villain.. I will then compare Bboth characters will then be compared and contrasted in my study. . The first person I will look at is Bill Sikes who is a murderer, a thief, a housebreaker, a bully and is part of Fagan’s gang. Before we meet Sikes, Dickens dDescribes his environment. Firstly it is described as an ‘obscure parlour of a low public house’, a ‘dark and gloomy den’, ‘in the filthiest part of Little Saffron Hill’ and ‘where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer’. Adjectives such as obscure, low, dark gloomy and filthiest are all negative and suggest to me a very unpleasant and rough environment. The place being described as ‘where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer’, suggests to me further of the place’s depravity and that the public house is set in a back ally. The room Sikes is situated in is called a ‘Den’, A den is a place where animals usually live, so it suggests to me that this is an inhuman place, not suitable for a persons habitation. Over all I can say that the atmosphere is excessively bleak and miserable, the setting is used to reflect character and to create atmosphere suggestingand Sikes is in part, athe product of his own environment. Sikes is said to have been ‘brooding’, this suggests that Sikes had been in deep thought, scheming and plotting evil things. Sikes is described as ‘strongly impregnated with the smell of liquor’, this suggests to me that he we was highly intoxicated and the result, would mean that he would be grumpy, and irrational. He wares ‘a velvet coat, drab shorts, half-boots and stockings. As you can see his clothing is very drabmonotonous and this suggests to the reader the obscure and sinister nature of Sikes and the world he inhabits. ity Sikes of which Sikes can possess. Sikes is described as ‘even by that dim light, no inexperienced agent of police would have hesitated for one instant as Mr. William Sikes’. This suggests to the reader that Sikes is well known by the police and is obviously a common criminal. Sikes’ dog is described as being ‘red-eyed’. This is symbolic of depression and anger and many other negative emotions, so it is apparent that the dog is symbolic to the negativity in Sikes’ environment and is also a product of bad environment may be symbolic that the dog is symbolic of the harsh environment. The dog sits at his mastersmaster’s feet, this shows the relationship between the dog and his master as being close and intermit and proves Sikes’ ownership of the animal. Later the ‘unoffending’ dog is attacked and by Sikes, this shows that Sikes is very volatile, unpredictable, unstable and dangerous because he attacks his dog for no cause and acts very spontaneously with his aggressiveness. After the attacking, the dog avenges his attack it, by attacking Sikes’ half-boots. This shows that the dog has a bad temper and has a lot in common with his master. This eventually leads to a fight and Sikes’ attempted murder of the dog. This shows how malevolentsatanic Sikes’ can be. Sikes is a very aggressive man in his language, he ‘blasphemes’ and ‘curses’, ‘thrusts’ and ‘swears’ This type of language is rather unpleasant, shows negative emotions to a reader. This sort of dictionspeech gives a sense of violence to the reader. When Sikes speaks to his dog he says ‘Keep quiet, you warmint! Keep quiet! ‘ Here he commands and insults, so it shows that he is violent when he talks. We know this because Dickens has used exclamation marks to show that he was talking in anger. This can also be seen when he talks to Fagan for example ‘you white-livered thief! ‘ This shows the anger in the voice with the use of insults and exclamatoryion phrases. marks. Sikes also seeksspeaks to Fagian with a ‘fierce gesture’gesture’; this adds to Sikes’ sinister character because it suggests that again Sikes is angry and violent with his oral expression. Sikes’ often ‘growled’, had a ‘fierce sneer’ and speaks ‘savage like’. This further makes him look obnoxious and unhappy. These details present him as brutal, animalistic and primitive. Sikes speaks with the ‘harshest key of a very harsh voice’. This suggests that he is very unpleasant when he usually speaks. Therefore I would say that the way in which Sikes’ speaks shows that cruelty and ill-intent of his character. Thus from this extract we are given the impression that Sikes is incredibly evil, menacing, he is unhappy, intimidating, ferocious and volatile. This impression is reinforced later in the novel in which we look at Sikes killing his prostitute lover Nancy and the events leading up to it. It begins with Noah, repeating what he told Fagin to Sikes. Fagin ‘cries’, and says ‘Tell him that, tell him that.

Homophone for Band

Homophone for Band The words band and banned  are  homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. Homophone for Band As a noun, band refers to a musical group or to any group of people joined for a common purpose. In addition, the noun band means a ring, a restraint, a belt, or a specific range of wavelengths or radio frequencies. As a verb, band means to mark with a band or to unite for a common purpose (band together). Banned is the past and past-participle form of the verb to ban, which means to forbid or prohibit. Examples Whenever possible, the individual members of the band travel from gig to gig by rented car.​The diadem is a band of gold more than an inch in width and eighteen inches in length.​The demand for new radio stations in the 1960s prompted the FCC to push new licensees into the FM band.​In 1926, H.L. Mencken was arrested in Boston for selling a banned copy of the American Mercury magazine. Practice (a) Chuck and his friends formed a rock _____, but they had trouble finding an instrument for Amos to play.(b) My father used to hide _____ books in a little vault he had built in the basement.(c) The rival factions were forced to _____ together to protect their homes against a new enemy. Answers (a) Chuck and his friends formed a rock  band, but they had trouble finding an instrument for Amos to play.(b) My father used to hide  banned  books in a little vault he had built in the basement.(c) The rival factions were forced to  band  together to protect their homes against a new enemy. Answers to Practice Exercises: Band and Banned (a) Chuck and his friends formed a rock band, but they had trouble finding an instrument for Amos to play.(b) My father used to hide banned books in a little vault he had built in the basement.(c) The rival factions were forced to band together to protect their homes against a new enemy. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

A Guide to the IB Middle Years Program

A Guide to the IB Middle Years Program The International Baccalaureate ® Diploma Programme is growing in popularity at high schools around the world, but did you know that this curriculum is designed only for students in grades eleven and twelve? It’s true, but it doesn’t mean that younger students have to miss out on the IB curriculum experience. While the Diploma Programme is only for juniors and seniors, the IB also offers programs for younger students. The History of The International Baccalaureate ® Middle Years Programme The International Baccalaureate first introduced the Middle Years Programme in 1994 and has since been adopted by more than 1,300 schools around the world in more than 100 countries. It was originally designed to meet the growing needs of the students in the middle level, which roughly equates to students ages 11-16, at international schools. The International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme, sometimes referred to as MYP, can be adopted by schools of any kind, including both private schools and public schools. The Ages Levels for the Middle Years Program The IB MYP is targeted to students ages 11 through 16, which in the United States, typically refers to students in grades six through ten. There is often a misconception that the Middle Years Programme is only for middle school students, but it in fact offers courses for students in grades nine and ten. Should a high school only offer grades nine and ten, the school may apply for approval to teach only the portions of the curriculum that relate to their appropriate grade levels, and as such, the MYP curriculum is often adopted by high schools that embrace the Diploma Programme, even if the lower grade levels are not offered. In fact, due to the similar nature of MYP and the Diploma Programme, the IB’s Middle Years Programme (MYP) is sometimes  referred to as Pre-IB. Benefits of The Middle Years Programme Course of Study The courses offered in the Middle Years Programme are considered to be preparatory for the highest level of IB study, the diploma program. However, the diploma is not required. For many students, the MYP offers an improved classroom experience, even if the diploma isn’t the end goal. Similar to the diploma program, the Middle Years Programme focuses on providing students with a real-world learning experience, connecting their studies to the world around them. For many students, this form of learning is an engaging way to connect with materials. In general, the Middle Years Programme is considered more of a framework for teaching rather than a strict curriculum. Schools have the ability to design their own programs within set parameters, encouraging teachers to embrace best practices in teaching and cutting edge technology in order to create a program that best fits with the mission and vision of the school. A holistic program, MYP focuses on the student’s entire experience while providing rigorous studies that are implemented through varied learnings strategies. The Approach to Learning and Teaching for the Middle Years Programme Designed as a five-year curriculum for approved schools, the MYP’s goal is to challenge students intellectually and prepare them to be critical thinkers and global citizens. Per the IBO website, â€Å"The MYP aims to help students develop their personal understanding, their emerging sense of self and responsibility in their community.† The program was designed to promote the fundamental concepts of â€Å"intercultural understanding, communication, and holistic learning.† Since the IB Middle Years Programme is offered globally, the curriculum is available in various languages. However, what is offered in each language may vary. A unique aspect of the Middle Years Programme is that the framework can be used in part or in whole, meaning schools and students can elect to engage in a few classes or the entire certificate program, the latter of which carries specific requirements and achievements that must be attained. The Middle Years Programme Curriculum Most students learn best when they can apply their studies to the world around them. The MYP places a high value on this type of immersive learning and promotes a learning environment that embraces real-world applications in all of its studies. To do so, the MYP focuses on eight core subject areas. According to IBO.org, these eight core areas provide, â€Å"a broad and balanced education for early adolescents.† These subject areas include: Language acquisitionLanguage and literatureIndividuals and societiesSciencesMathematicsArtsPhysical and health educationDesign This curriculum typically equates to at least 50 hours of instruction in all of the subjects each year. In addition to taking the required core courses, students also participate in an annual interdisciplinary unit that combines work from two different subject areas, and they also participate in a long-term project. The interdisciplinary unit is designed to help students understand how different areas of study integrate in order to provide a greater understanding of the work at hand. This combination of two different areas of learning helps students make connections between their work and begin to recognize similar concepts and related material. It provides an opportunity for students to delve deeper into their studies and find greater meaning behind what they are learning and the importance of the material in the greater world. The long-term project is a chance for students to delve into topics of study about which they are passionate. This level of personal investment in learning usually means students are more excited and engaged in the tasks at hand. The project also asks students to maintain a personal journal throughout the year to document the project and to meet with teachers, which provides ample opportunity for reflection and self-assessment. In order to qualify for the Middle Years Programme certificate, students much achieve a minimum score on the project. The Flexibility of the Middle Years Program A unique aspect of the IB MYP is that it offers a flexible program. What this means is that unlike other curriculums, IB MYP teachers are not constrained by set text books, topics or assessments, and are able to use the framework of the program and apply its principles to the materials of choice. This allows for what many consider to be a greater level of creativity and the ability to implement learning best practices of any kind, from cutting edge technology to current events and teaching trends. In addition, the Middle Years Program doesn’t have to be taught in its full format. It is possible for a school to apply to be approved to offer only a portion of the IB. For some schools, this means only offering the program in a few of the grades that typically participate in the Middle Years Programme (such as, a high school offering the MYP only to freshmen and sophomores) or a school can request permission to only teach some of the eight typical subject areas. It is not uncommon for a school to request to teach six of the eight core subjects in the final two years of the program. However, with flexibility comes limitations. Similar to the Diploma Programme, students are only eligible to receive recognition (the diploma for higher levels and a certificate for the Middle Years) if they complete the full curriculum and achieve the required standards of performance. Schools wishing their students to be eligible for these forms of recognition must register to participate in what the IB calls the eAssessment, which uses students’ ePortfolios of coursework to evaluate their level of achievement, and also requires students to complete on-screen exams as a secondary measure of aptitude and achievement. A Comparable International Program The IB Middle Years Programme is often compared to the Cambridge IGCSE, which is another popular international education curriculum. The IGCSE was developed more than 25 years ago and is also adopted by schools worldwide. However, there are some key differences in the programs and how students from each assess their preparation for the IB Diploma Programme. The IGCSE is designed for students ages fourteen to sixteen, so doesn’t span as many grades as the Middle Years Programme, and unlike MYP, the IGCSE offers set curriculum in each subject area. Assessments for each program differ, and depending on a student’s learning style, may excel in either program. Students in the IGCSE often still excel in the Diploma Programme but may find it more challenging to adapt to the varied methods for assessment. However, Cambridge offers its own advanced curriculum options for students, so switching curriculum programs isn’t necessary. Students wishing to participate in the IB Diploma Programme typically benefit from participating in the MYP instead of other middle-level programs.

Breaking Muphrys Law

Breaking Muphrys Law Breaking Muphry’s Law Breaking Muphry’s Law By Mark Nichol A recent newspaper blog post about a typographical error on Mitt Romney’s iPhone â€Å"With Mitt† app it refers to â€Å"A Better Amercia† inevitably succumbed to Muphry’s law, which states that any criticism of a writing or editing error will itself contain such an error. After commenting on the mistake, the blogger referred to the microblogging site Tumblr, writing, â€Å"And there’s already a Tumblr [page] for this with people goofing on the slip-up†¦.or what that be a Tumbeler?† That final phrase (which also reveals that the blogger obviously didn’t read my post about ellipses), should read, â€Å"or would that be a Tumbeler?† (If you want to ruin a joke that features a deliberate typographical error, there’s nothing better than immediately preceding it with an accidental typo.) The adage the blogger’s boo-boo upholds is also known, with variations, as McKean’s law, after lexicographer Erin McKean; Skitt’s law, named for an alt.usage.english contributor; and Hartman’s Law of Prescriptivist Retaliation, the grandiloquent nomenclature of technical writer and fiction writer and editor Jed Hartman. A blogger with the handle Zeno called it the Iron Law of Nitpicking, a better label, perhaps, as it does not credit a particular person, but Muphry’s law (which only indirectly refers to a specific source) is of course the most appropriate moniker. An Australian editor named John Bangsund explicated the law as follows in 1992: (a) If you write anything criticizing editing or proofreading, there will be a fault of some kind in what you have written; (b) If an author thanks you in a book for your editing or proofreading, there will be mistakes in the book; (c) The stronger the sentiment expressed in (a) and (b), the greater the fault; (d) Any book devoted to editing or style will be internally inconsistent. The oldest known statement along these lines, however, is one from early twentieth-century writer Ambrose Bierce (best known for his caustically misanthropic Devil’s Dictionary), who in 1909 wrote in a writing handbook, â€Å"Writers all, both great and small, are habitual sinners against the light; and their accuser is cheerfully aware that his own work will supply (as in making this book it has supplied) many ‘awful examples.’† The moral of the story one I disregard by writing this post, which according to Muphry’s law should be rewarded by divine retribution in the form of commenters pointing out some error I’ve introduced is, â€Å"Writers in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Sel-managed learning in the context of lifelong learning Assignment

Sel-managed learning in the context of lifelong learning - Assignment Example This paper seeks to discuss how self-managed learning enhances lifelong development. This will be illustrated by evaluating the self managed learning approaches, ways through which lifelong learning could be encouraged both in professional and personal contexts, and the benefits of self managed learning to the organization and individual. In addition, the paper will include information on professional standards and organizational objectives. Personal development opportunities that I have received in meeting both future current needs will also be included. People or individual can learn through conferences and seminars what they have learned or experienced and make changes regarding their own future. Conferences and seminars offer opportunity to people to present their knowledge concerning something to the rest of the people who as a result learn new things. Individuals or people become more confident in public speaking and develops skills of presentation needed in the organization through conferences and seminars (Centre for Self Managed Learning 2000). Different social networks such as Twitter, Facebook, My year book etc offer an opportunity for many people learn new things from friends. People can also access information about the owners of such social networks. Internet is one of the major sources of information through which people get to learn new and historical things. Many articles are also accessible concerning management studies. There are various different sites that on the internet that can assist people or individual in learning new things (Centre for Self Managed Learning 2000). In self managed learning, there exist a number of ways through which lifelong learning in both professional and personal contexts could be encouraged. Lifelong learning entails personally continuous learning that could possibly contribute to professional context (Swann, 2007). People or individual may have assessments at personal level as

International Trade Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade Law - Assignment Example The terms were also accepted by the Surflife Company and they replied through an email with their expression of happiness with the terms. Although there was no exchange of any other terms, the two parties could be understood to be in terms of an agreement and involved in a contract. However, the problem had arisen in the delivery on part of the PJ Company owing to a mistake occurred by one of the employees of the company who was responsible for the supply of the goods to the customer. The employee, not following the instructions properly, got the wrong orders ready for shipment and supply. The number of jeans supplied was 12,000 instead of 15,000 and another set of orders were also supplied that the buyer company had never requested for. Moreover he proved to be careless in the packing of the goods that suffered damage later in the process. When the goods were finally delivered to the company, it was delayed and the majority of the goods were destroyed in rain and ill-treatments of t he suppliers. Thus after suffering a huge loss, the company was not willing to pay for the goods to the PJ Company. The question that arises here deals with the rights and obligations of the PJ Company and how the dissatisfaction of the Surflife Company could be addressed and resolved. ... It can be understood in this case that the Surflife Company had ordered the pairs of jeans but had not examined the goods before entering into the contract. The contract of the sale of goods in this context was thus a sale by description. The goods that were delivered to the Surflife Company did not match with the description of the goods stated in the contract by the PJ Company. Hence a violation in the contract could be seen to have occurred and Surflife Company in this scenario had the rights to sue the seller company. Being the seller company and one of the parties to the contract where the order was clearly stated along with the date of delivery and the size of the order, PJ Company had certain rights and obligations in regard to the delivery of goods to the customer. The seller had the rights to dispose of goods if all conditions are not fulfilled on the part of the buyer or owing to other circumstances (sec 25(1)). The seller company might consider the goods to have been deliv ered if the buyer expresses acceptance or if the goods are retained by the buyer company without giving any further notice (sec 24). Moreover, the seller had the rights to supply the goods only when the buyer demanded for it (sec 35) and such goods may also be supplied in installments (sec 39(1)). The seller may keep hold of the goods till the payment procedure is completed (sec 47(1)) and in the process the company might have hindered the process of shipment or transportation of the goods and regain it after payment is done (sec 49(2), sec 50). The goods might also be resold by the seller company depending on circumstances (sec 54). Also, the company could sue the buyer company if the later showed any breach

Conflict Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Conflict Resolution - Essay Example Conflict is ideally one of the greatest challenges in organizations if not tackled appropriately and in the appropriate time. The conflict could indeed be an element of developing a healthy environment. As such, organizational conflict plays a significant role in an organization, whereby its impact depends on the manner of its management. Such roles include the provision of an opportunity for organizational management the working style of the employees as well as aspects pertaining to culture. The conflict also provides an opportunity for employees to drain their feeling and associated emotions in addressing various aspects of differences in an organization. Additionally, organizational conflict provides an opportunity for the employees to learn more about themselves and others, and appreciate the diversities that exist amongst them. As such, conflict proves to be a significantly important aspect of the operations of an organization by influencing changes directed towards improving t he working conditions in an organization as well as a means of addressing differences.On a similar perspective, competition has a substantive role that it plays in an organizational setting. One critical aspect of organizations is the fact that they work for survival purpose in the highly competitive market environments. For an effective competition, every organization must streamline its operations to better standards as compared to the competitors, in order to capture a wider market and enjoy a better competitive advantage for success.

Social Problem Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Problem Theories - Essay Example The aim of Symbolic interactionism is to encourage people to help one another in social matters. A critical focus will be put on the subjective meaning among small groups of people including the popular and non-popular viewpoints. This aids in the understanding and acceptance of the problem. Functionalists will explain the problem of suicide or homicide by looking at the social behavior of an individual in the larger society. This entails the collection of information from the members of the society who may be familiar with the individual in terms of social status (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2012). Since the main focus of the theory is the steady patterns of social relations or structures of the victim, for instance the consequence of social cohesion patterns on the rates of suicide or homicide. In explaining the issue of suicide or homicide, the Functionalist theorists demonstrate how social structures uphold or challenge social stability (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2012. Functionalists will offer a proper analysis on the effects of some members of the society on an individual’s behavior. Basing on the theory therefore, it will be argued that in order to address the problem of suicide or homicide, societal issues must be addressed for instance poverty, unemployment, and relationships. Conflict theorists will explain the problem of suicide or homicide basing on the differences in the societal, political, or material status of the members of the social group (Zetterberg, 2002). The analysis of the socio-political structure differentiates the theory from the functionalism. Conflict theory, will address the issue of differences in power. In most cases, the privileged members of the community always try to uphold their benefits while the poor groups continue to suffer. According to the theory, under special circumstances, steady discrimination patterns in the society might lead to social stability (Zetterberg,

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example t (2010), such behavior could have an indirect expense on the organization in terms of "Damaged team morale, lost opportunities to manage future-oriented projects, and increased incidence of disruptive behavior by organizational insiders and emotional costs" (p. 149). If feedback is not given to the primary care supervisor to help prevent such behavior, then other group members could be discouraged to be involved in other projects where the primary care supervisor is present. Hope, the example you gave is a classic representation of many workplaces. Bullying is prevalent in many organizations and if not addressed effectively, it could lead to decreased productivity. Effective relationships in the workplace are imperative as they contribute to improved job satisfaction, nurse retention, and also improved results in nursing practice (Barrett et-al, 2009). In reference to your example, favoring some employees could make other employees feel devalued and hence leave the organization. Failure to take action against bullying affects employees engagement and involvement in care practices. In other words, bullied employees are less likely to engage in teamwork for fear of being harassed. In my organization, policies have been implemented to ensure such cases are reported expeditiously and punitive actions taken against perpetrators. This helps prevent bullying and as a result, improved productivity has been

Social Problem Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Problem Theories - Essay Example The aim of Symbolic interactionism is to encourage people to help one another in social matters. A critical focus will be put on the subjective meaning among small groups of people including the popular and non-popular viewpoints. This aids in the understanding and acceptance of the problem. Functionalists will explain the problem of suicide or homicide by looking at the social behavior of an individual in the larger society. This entails the collection of information from the members of the society who may be familiar with the individual in terms of social status (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2012). Since the main focus of the theory is the steady patterns of social relations or structures of the victim, for instance the consequence of social cohesion patterns on the rates of suicide or homicide. In explaining the issue of suicide or homicide, the Functionalist theorists demonstrate how social structures uphold or challenge social stability (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2012. Functionalists will offer a proper analysis on the effects of some members of the society on an individual’s behavior. Basing on the theory therefore, it will be argued that in order to address the problem of suicide or homicide, societal issues must be addressed for instance poverty, unemployment, and relationships. Conflict theorists will explain the problem of suicide or homicide basing on the differences in the societal, political, or material status of the members of the social group (Zetterberg, 2002). The analysis of the socio-political structure differentiates the theory from the functionalism. Conflict theory, will address the issue of differences in power. In most cases, the privileged members of the community always try to uphold their benefits while the poor groups continue to suffer. According to the theory, under special circumstances, steady discrimination patterns in the society might lead to social stability (Zetterberg,

Money and the federal reserve system Term Paper

Money and the federal reserve system - Term Paper Example The Federal Reserve had always played an immense role in controlling the financially crucial situations ever originated in the USA. Its instruments come in the form of feasible monetary policies that take care not only of any present crisis but also those of the future. A good example is its mode of activities in the face of the recent global meltdown that not only helped in controlling the crisis but included measures to effectively control any aftermath. The present paper deals with the institution’s monetary policies which from time to time had acted like a shield against an economic crisis, for the country. 2 One of the commonest names which often come up as one of the strongest financial regulatory bodies in the world is that of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve, often abbreviated as the Fed, being the apex financial institution of USA is responsible for designing the monetary policies of the economy and hence for controlling the flow of money in the nation. Since the amount of money supply is a decisive factor behind the credit availability and hence that of any inflationary developments in an economy, the importance of the institution cannot be slighted. Inflation can often have larger outcomes, ranging from severe unemployment to that of a financial crisis. Thus, there must be an institution in every nation entrusted with taking care of the vice; the Federal Reserve does the job in USA (Schenk, n.d.). The Fed has been conferred the responsible of planning the monetary policies for USA since . Its basic objective had been to work-out a feasible solution given the prevailing economic condition of the economy so as to provide a brighter and better future to the countrymen. However, the string of the ultimate power of the bank is largely bestowed in the hands of the Congress. Recently though, on October 2008, the grips have been loosened a bit and the bank has been given the right to endow

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Essay Example for Free

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Essay WHAT IS FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS (FMCG)? FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) is a term that is used to refer to those goods which are sold through retail stores. These goods have a short period of shelf life and as such are used up within days, weeks, or months. TOP 7 FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS 1. PROCTOR GAMBLE: Headquartered at Cincinnati in Ohio, United States, Procter and Gamble is a Fortune 500 American multinational company. It was founded in October 31 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. Its flagship and best selling brand is ARIEL laundry detergent which was launched in 1967. This detergent is available in different variants. The company also manufactures other best selling products that are highly popular around the world. 2. NESTLÉ: Nestle is a Swiss multinational engaged in the production of different food products. It has its presence in more than 100 countries. It produces several top selling products in different food categories. Some of its best selling products are LEAN CUISINE, Maggi, Boost, Kit Kat, Friskies, and Nescafe etc. 3. UNILEVER: Unilever is a multinational engaged in the manufacture of different products like foods, personal grooming products, detergents and beverages etc. This British-Dutch company is the owner of over 400 leading brands in the world out of which 13 are billion dollar brands. One of its top products is  AVIANCE which is a beauty product for women. This product is sold in many countries of Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. 4. COCA-COLA: Coca-Cola Company which is based in Atlanta in Georgia manufactures the worlds most popular soft drink COCA COLA. It was Dr. John S. Pemberton who created this drink in 1886. Coca Cola touched base in every part of the US by 1895. The company began its franchisee operations in 1899 and gradually it opened up bottling plants in every corner of the globe. The universal popularity of Coca Cola is undisputed. The Coca Cola syrup mixed with carbonated water created ripples everywhere and today you can get a Coke in any part of the world. 5. PEPSICO: PepsiCo was created out of the amalgamation of two companies named Pepsi Cola and Frito Lay. The company which was formed in 1965 has its headquarters at Purchase in Harrison New York. It is a Fortune 500 company. PepsiCo is engaged in the manufacture of snack foods (grain based), beverages and other similar products. One of its best known brands is the cola beverage PEPSI-COLA. Created in 1893 its former name was Brads Drink. 6. BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO: Another multinational tobacco major is the British American Tobacco company which is the worlds second largest tobacco company. It sells its tobacco products in several top markets across the globe. Many world-famous cigarette brands are manufactured by BAT. One of its top selling cigarette brands is PALL MALL. Some other leading cigarette brands manufactured by the company are Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike and Vogue. 7 NOKIA: Nokia is a Finnish multinational engaged primarily in the manufacture of  mobile telephones. The company has its headquarters at Keilaniemi, Espoo which is near Helsinki, the capital of Finland. This mobile communication giant is the largest manufacturer of mobile telephones in the world. Its products are sold in every part of the world. Nokia has launched many innovative mobile systems and almost all its products have been hot sellers.

Theories of Development in Class

Theories of Development in Class 1). We have discussed numerous theories of development in class: modernization, dependency, World Systems, neoliberalism, and post-development. Select three of these theories and compare them with reference to: a) the key features; b) explanations of under- and uneven development; c) types of development practices (i.e. how do you do development?); d) identify major criticisms of these approaches. Use plenty of examples to support your points. Development, as a multifaceted, complex issue, has been subject to several attempts to mold a common practice based on a definitive theory. One of the most historically prolific of these was Modernization theory. Modernization theory, as noted by Chant and McIlwaine (2009), is not exactly a singular theory in itself, and more of a complex range of approaches that follow a similar base pattern. An early iteration of this theory is known as evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory was developed in 19th century Britain by prominent sociologists, who, after examining Darwins theory of evolution, concluded that a pattern of development for various civilizations could be based in a set path evolution. This set path, based upon European civilizations as the final step in the development process, requires that traditional societies change their orientation away from family, community, and cultural religion in order to develop into a European-styled modern society that is based in rationalism and capitalistic gain(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). This evolution theory culminated into Modernization theory. Essentially, a developed society is defined by its use of modern technology to advance a Western export-focused industrialized economy(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Walt Rostow, a main proponent of Modernization, expanded upon this idea by providing a series of natural steps that a society must go through in order to become fully developed, delineated as a unilinear model of development(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). In the first stage of this model, a society simply exists in a primitive state, where trade is localized and based off a barter system, and religion drives cultural activity. The society then evolves in the second stage to a state of potential development, where capitalistic entrepreneurship and the formation of the state begins in their early stages(RGS 2017). The society then advances to the third step, noted by Rostow as Take-Off. This take-off stage is characterize d by the society transitioning to a capitalist urban industrial economy, with development of state supported infrastructure and agricultural hinterlands. The society then develops to the fourth stage, characterized by diversified economic sectors and advanced transportation networks, as well as advanced educational institutions (RGS 2017). The fifth and final of Rostows steps is aptly titled age of mass consumption, where the society becomes economically consumer based and a welfare system develops. These steps are the tenets of modernization theory, and were commonly thought of as the most effective path to development in the colonial West pre-1970(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). A society will remain impoverished and underdeveloped due to its failure to industrialize in the fashion of Western nation. For example, one could argue that the African nation of Botswana is finally developing and gaining wealth due to their evolution from a traditional tribal society into a nation-state that is rooted in global industrialism. One could then argue that Africa is characterized by uneven development due to the fact that not all nations have gone through the steps of Modernization (Chant and McIlwaine 2009). However, in the 1970s, during the rise of communism and withdrawal of Western colonization, Dependency theory rose in prominence to counter Modernization. Dependency theory is another attempt to explain the patterns of development in various global nations. Dependency theory is noted by Chant and McIlwaine (2009) as separated in three major schools of thought-Classical, Latin-American Structuralism, and Neo-Marxism. Classical Dependency theory, formulated by Paul Baran (1957), rests on the idea that capitalism explicitly hinders development in the Global South. He argues that the Western world relies on developing nations to remain impoverished and unstable as they are an indispensable hinterland of raw resources and manufacturing that the rich, consumerist economies of the West rely on (Baran 1957). Since the basis of capitalism is to generate profit, Western nations exploit underdeveloped nations in order to generate maximum profit. Hence, Global North continues the cycle of poverty in the Global South in order to cement a pattern of exploitation (Baran 1957). An offshoot of Classical Dependency Theory is Latin-American Structuralism -Dependency. This theory, presented by Chant and McIlwaine (2009), is based on the idea economic structuralism, which is a strain of thought schools that claim that development processes must involve changes in underlying social and economic structures of a country. In the context of Latin America, their structural disadvantage in the global economy, beginning in the 1930s, was due to dependence on Western trade markets for exports and imports of goods, as well as competition with other primary raw resources exporting regions(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). What would happen, historically, is that Latin American countries would raise their prices for raw materials too high for Western trade markets. Hence, those markets would go elsewhere for Latin American raw goods such as coffee, bananas, agriculture, and more (Chant and McIlwaine 2009). This put Latin America in a postion of retaining their status of cheap exporters, unable to develop due to lack of substantial capital and reliance o n expensive foreign imports. Chant and McIlwaine (2009) define this relationship as a core-periphery model. The core is the developed West, functioning as exporters of high quality consumer goods that developing periphery nations import. The periphery nations are underdeveloped exports of raw materials to the core countries (RGS 2017). It is by this model that core countries become incredibly rich, and become the controllers of the trade market with the periphery, which must remain in an exploited state to retain the wealth of the core(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). The relationship between the United States and Latin America exemplifies this. The United States, the wealthy core, exploits the periphery, Latin America, for chap raw materials in order to import expensive consumer goods and financial loans. The International Monetary Fund, IMF, made several loans to Latin American Nations, in exchange for the removal of import tariffs and structural social services(Potter et. al 2012). Thi s has led such nations to rely on the United States for imported goods, and has contributed to the lack of development in Latin America(Potter et. al 2012). The neo-Marxist school of dependency theory attempts to provide a solution to this phenomenon. Chant and McIlwaine (2009) state that Neo-Marxist Dependency theory is based on the concept that Western imperialism that occurred in numerous regions of the global South laid the foundations for economic exploitation in the age of global capitalism. Neo-Marxists conclude that the only way for a developing nation to escape the core/periphery cycle of exploitation was to remove itself from the system of global capitalism by adopting communism as its primary economic system(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Dependency theory is incredibly different from Modernization in that it uses the West as a cause for underdevelopment instead of a model to emulate. Modernization uses Europe and United States as guides to facilitating similar development, while Development theory takes an approach that is from the perspective of the Global South(RGS 2017). Another major theory in development is Neoliberalism. Based on the economic philosophy of Adam Smith and Milton Freidmann, neoliberal development theory states that free, unregulated trade between nations facilitates development and economic growth (RGS 2107). Neoliberalism also touts that large corporations and businesses can generate more profit without government regulation, thus generating more revenue in all countries they operate in. Eventually, any country can become wealthy and developed via open trade relations with numerous countries(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). The cause of uneven development is rooted in overextended regulatory governments that inhibit the market, breed corruption, and prevent transitions to consumerism. The inhibition of the free market is noted as the root cause of poverty in underdeveloped countries(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). This concept is strikingly different from Dependency theory. Dependency theory alludes that it is free, unregulated trade itself t hat causes exploitation and underdevelopment, while Neoliberalism offers it as a path to prosperity. Neoliberal development theory drives the actions and policy of major institutions such as the IMF and World Bank(Potter et. al 2012). Ideally, a poor country would open its market to multinational corporations and nations, engaging in free trade and eventually retaining capital in order to develop. While all of these development theories offer reasonable explanations for the state of global development, they are not without fault. Modernization theory, for example, is flawed as it is inherently Eurocentric. Modernization also promotes rapid industrialization, which could severely harm the environment(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Dependency theory also has several criticisms. Dependency theorists often offer solutions to underdevelopment via methods such as trade barriers, communist revolution, and government regulation(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Trade barriers often make the cost of living for a nations citizens higher, and government regulation can stifle the market. And, after the fall of the USSR and similar states in the 1990s, Marxist revolution in the Third World seems unlikely(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Neoliberalism cannot offer a problem-free solution either thought. As noted by Chant and McIlwaine (2009), major criticisms of neoliberalism include exploitation by corpora tions, debt repayment, loss of food sovereignty, reliance on imports, and loss of social services due to lack of government spending(Potter et. al 2012). Overall, while these theories are by no means perfect, they offer robust and critical frameworks for understating the future paths of developing nations. 6. Explain the evolution of the current global monetary and financial markets. Discuss the power and limitations of the nation-state to control money across borders. Consider how increased financialization has impacted development in the US and beyond. The modern global economy is more complex than ever, with a massive variety of theories as to how it has evolved to its current state. In order to understand the modern market, one first must understand the role of the state in the global economy. After the Treaty of Westphalia, the concept of sovereignty became fixed in the political psyche of the anarchic world system. The term anarchic world system refers to the fact that the international political system of states, not ruled by a governing body, is inherently anarchic. It is in this anarchy that states define themselves as sovereign entities, and, thusly, exist(Lansing 1907). Sovereignty is a states possession of total authority within a geographic territory. There are two types of sovereignty in political theory-external and internal. External sovereignty concerns the relationship between a sovereign power and other states in the international community (Lansing 1907). States with external sovereignty are recognized by other st ates as being a sovereign entity in the international system. Internal sovereignty, defined by law theorist Robert Lansing, is that which is inherent in a people of any state, or vested by its rulerin its fundamental laws (Lansing 1907, 13). Simply put, internal sovereignty is simply the right of a state to govern itself and control its economy. So, with internal and external sovereignty of states established, an international economic system began to form under the theory of capitalism(Potter et. al 2012). Briefly described, capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned by an individual entity, with economic growth proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market (Seo 2009). The global economy has functioned in a capitalistic sense since the eighteenth century, and has driven everything from Western imperialism to the economic restructuring of the 1940s. It is within this economic context that Seo (2009) offers a succinct examination of the modern financial market. Seo (2009) states that in the years following World War Two the Western world established an international monetary system based on the Bretton Woods Model, a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states by basing currency exchange rates on gold(Seo 2009). Institutions were established to enforce and enhance this new economic system, such as the IMF, World Trade Organization, and World Bank. However, in the 1970s, the United States, the primary global power, moved it currency off the Bretton Woods System(Seo 2009). With the rise of globalism and the internet in to 1990s, the current world economy is run on neoliberal free trade based in major financial and multinational corporation hubs such as Wall Street, London, etc (Seo 2009). Another fact of the global economy is the financial power of the state. The modern nation-state receives capital via rece iving loans from other states, as well as making loans in order to influence economies (Seo 2009). This system allows for a state to regain a small amount 0f economic control outside its sovereign border. For the United States, economic growth is driven not just by industrial exports or consumer services. Krippner (2005) makes an interesting argument that the American economy is not only driven by finacialization, but that finacialization has altered the pattern of modern development. Financialization, defined by Krippner (2005), is a pattern of capital accumulation though which profits primarily accumulate via financial channels rather than trade and manufacturing channels. Krippner specifies financial channels as activities relating to the provision (or transfer) of liquid capital in expectation of future interest, dividends, or capital gains(Kirppner 2005). Essentially, modern American economics are driven by profits made off financial activities. Krippner (2005) notes this trend increasing as manufacturing industry left America in the 1980s, depleting profits from exports. However, financialization has major implications for US and international development. Krippner (2005) notes that financialization raises two major issues-who controls the modern corporation, and could globalization aid in eroding the autonomy of the states control over their economy? When focusing on global financialization, Akerman et. al (2015) state that the global economy is controlled by corporate-state oligarchs. Historically, a group in power in a state tended to be in possession of the nations natural resources. This was usually the state government before the industrial revolution. As states industrialized their economies and grew a developed business sector, capitalist elites began to hold economic power on par with the state, as they controlled profits from manufacturing and processing natural resources(Akerman et. al 2015). With the emergence and rise of the multinational corporation, power has shifted again. Akerman et. al (2015) define these corporate/statesman cabals as capitalist oligarchies. These oligarchies are not bound by a state, and, hence, drive economics outside o f the state through globalization. This is will often lead to the financialization of a states economy, as a state must allocate more labor as a country industrializes, this implies more capital per worker in the manufacturing sector and lowers profits (Akerman et. al 2015). Second, foreign export capital increases supply and conversely lowers the relative price of manufacturing goods. This incentivizes the economy to move away from manufacturing and into financialization(Krippner 2005). This has impacted development in a major way. 8. You have just been elected prime minister of a newly independent country former colony. What strategies will you use for development? What dimensions of development will you deem most important and how can you measure changes? What theories will inform your practices? What issues and challenges might you face as a post-colonial area? Is it important to craft inclusive development projects in your country and if so, how would you create more inclusive policies (in terms of identity, geography, rural-urban etc. )? If I was the prime minster of a newly independent former colony, I would implement a variety of diverse, inclusive policies and theories in order to create a best-practice solution for how to facilitate development in this country. As a former colony, my nation would face some very unique challenges. As noted by Potter et. al (2012), countries occupied by imperialist powers were often controlled by foreign governments that not only forced Western cultural values upon their populace, but often exploited the labor and ignorance of these peoples (Chant and McIlwaine 2009). When the imperialist power pulls out of an occupied state, they will often leave the country in the hands of a small native ruling class that continues trade with the former occupying power. Because of cultural suppression, tensions often then simmer over and the colonial country falls into economic and political instability(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). My first goal would be to avoid this common situation. In order to accomplish economic security and structural stability, I would draw on guiding principles from Neoliberal theory and Post-Development theory. Neoliberal theory encourages free market trade and industrialization, which I feel would be needed to establish my country in the global corporate hegemony. Free trade would encourage my nation to break out of locked trade relationship with the former colonial power and create markets with other nations. This would be done by drawing on the neoliberal multiplier effect. Sao (2009) describes this this effect is a cycle that is started by reducing import tariffs and export taxes in order to introduce a wide range of global consumer goods into my economy at a low cost. This leads to consumption, which encourages the economy to grow. The growth the economy would attract multinational corporate investors and businesses, leading to reskilling of the workforce. As the workforce expands, immigration to my nation would rise, creating an even more diver se and larger labor pool. This encourages job creation, and promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in order to remain competitive(Sa0 2009 and RGS 2017). This is a positive feedback loop, which would bolster my economy in the short term. However, I would also incorporate elements of Post-Development theory as well. Potter et. al (2012) address that wealthy capitalists and investors cannot lift the poor out of poverty by virtue of their existence. Post-Development theory moves past Western ideals of development by focusing on local community knowledge and support to revitalize a depressed economy (Potter et. al 2012). Because my nation, as former colony, would likely be suffering from a severely fractured cultural identity, creating economic policy based on local needs would help facilitate the repair of cultural identity while focusing economics on s smaller-scale. This would be accomplished with the maintenance of government-supported social services and institutions. I would mea sure this economic dimension of development by monitoring my nations GDP, GNP, household income, and tax revenues. While the economy is certainly an important dimension of new development, others are equally as important. A few that I would intensely and immediately focus on would be education, infrastructure, healthcare, and sustainable cities. I would utilize government spending and stable structure with proper representation from local citizens in order to create an education system and transportation/utility infrastructure. I would likely use taxes to fund these endeavors. I would measure the growth of these sectors by monitoring graduation statistics and public health and safety statistics (Stasczak 2015). Another important dimension of development in my new nation would be the creation of sustainable urban centers. With the impeding threat of climate change and urban migration rates, creating carefully planned, sustainable cities is incredibly important. I plan to measure the carbon output of my cities in order to gain an understanding of how sustainable and environmentally healthy they are . Healthcare is another dimension of development that is crucial to the success of my nation. A healthcare system must be inclusive of all populations and provide immediate access. I would create a single-payer healthcare system, which is currently used in Singapore. Single-Payer healthcare is a system in which the state, rather than private insurers, pays for all healthcare costs, and assess healthcare standards though federal regulations(Akerman et. al 2015). I feel this would be the most equal system of healthcare delivery, as it provides fair access to impoverished and rural communities. Another fact of my nations economic development that would need to immediately be addressed would be currency creation and exchange rates. Staszczak (2015) notes that politicalinstability in developing nations can often perpetuate for decades due to the fact that currency has very low value in global market. Therefore, my nation would need to enter to global market swiftly and establish itself i n order to maintain a valuable, stable currency. This would be incredibly difficult to accomplish in tandem with every other immediate development factor I would need to address. However, with the creation of inclusive policy, my efforts would be more likely to succeed. Some inclusive projects I could incentivize could be local agriculture, education accessible to rural citizens, and facilitating local arts. This helps create a common national identity that is separate from a colonial identity, aiding in national unity. CITATIONS OF NON-CLASS SOURCES: Akerman, A., Naghavi, A., Seim, A. (2016). OLIGARCHIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY: A TALE OF TWO ELITES. Economic Inquiry, 54(1), 229-246. doi:10.1111/ecin.12284 Lansing, R. (1907). Notes on Sovereignty in a State. The American Journal of International Law, 1(2), 297-320. STASZCZAK, D. E. (2015). Global instability of currencies: reasons and perspectives according to the state-corporation hegemonic stability theory. Brazilian Journal Of Political Economy / Revista De Economia Polà ­tica, 35(1), 175-198.

Creationism and the Classroom Essay -- essays research papers fc

Creationism and the Classroom The American classroom is suffering from a major deficiency. The science curriculum supports one theory of evolution and no other theory as to how the existence of the universe has come to be. This narrow-minded approach has kept many young minds from seeing a very broad picture of this world. Scientific creationism should be included in our public school curriculum because it is paramount to the progress of modern science. Duane Gish, who has a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Berkeley, says, â€Å"†¦neither creation nor evolution may be referred to as scientific theory since neither can offer eyewitness evidence of what happened in the past.† Gish further states, â€Å"Both are ultimately based upon inferences derived from circumstantial evidence. As such, they remain on an equal footing and should receive equal time in public classrooms in the United States† Creationism assumes there is a Creator who designed the universe with purpose and gave the universe direction. This theory can be put into our classrooms without being abrasive to the U.S. Constitution, so long as it is treated as science. Gish says, â€Å"Science can tell us nothing of who the Creator is, why the universe was created, or anything about the relationship of the things created to the Creator.† Without creationism in the public school system, students are left only to learn about evolution, which can be considered as religion. Gish explains, â€Å"†¦evolution is a non-theistic theory of origins which by definition excludes the intervention of an outside agency of any kind. Evolutionists believe that by employing natural laws and processes plus nothing it is possible to the origin of the universe and of all that it contains. This involves the acceptance of a particular philosophical metaphysical world view and is thus basically religious in nature.† Just as evolutionism has been accepted by many in the religious community as religion, creationism has been accepted by many in the science community as science. Ker C. Thompson is a former Director of the U.S. Air Force Terrestrial Sciences Laboratory. He holds a B.A. in Physics and Geology from the University of British Columbia and DSc in Geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines. Thompson believes that the only way ... ...the only theory for the origin of the universe taught to our students, then our country is in danger of a scientific freeze. Without challenges to such theories, the students come away with unfair, one-sided views. If those views are not challenged in a scientific arena, as opposed to the students’ places of worship, then the students will not see any other views as science. Our students will take this lopsided understanding into adulthood. This understanding then has the danger of becoming dogmatic to our population. The progress of science will slow down without public challenges and governmental support. Works Cited Gish, Duane T â€Å"'Scientific Creationism' Should Be Taught in Science Classrooms". Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18 May 2005 Kofahl, Robert E "Scientific Evidence Against Evolution and for Creation Should Be Included in Science Curricula". Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18 May 2005 http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/OVRC Thomson, Ker C "Physical Laws Support Creationism". Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18 May 2005

International Communication

Declaration l, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own and personal work, except where the work(s) or publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques. I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CANALLED/301 regarding technical and presentation requirements, reference techniques and plagiarism. Table Of Contents Page Introduction Essay: Globalization & South Africa Conclusion Sources 2 5 6 The term ‘globalization' gives rise to a lot of different meanings and interpretations.Globalization has its own negative and positive effects on the world today. It has opened the free markets which enables trades between countries, and therefore increases the living standards in these particular countries. However, there are still some developing countries that have fallen behind and have not kept up with the pace of change of development. It has had many impacts both negative and positive on South Africa and its people. Globalization & South Africa Page | 2 As an emerging democracy, in the past South Africa had to contend with the demands of both national and international issues.This included rising unemployment, poverty and inequality. At the same time, South Africa had to become a contender in the globalizes world of capital, trade and changes in technology. The free market that has been created by globalization has allowed for less developed countries to learn from more developed countries, therefore allowing people to advance and succeed economically. Globalization affects South Africans lives in so many ways. Most times it seems we are a land that is stuck between our interesting yet difficult past while trying to move forward to embrace all that the future could old.Often poorer countries that are not connected to people globally, are unskilled due to the lack of knowledge and equipment. They are also unable to trade with the other countries which are richer and larger as they are unable to meet the demand. Enabling pe ople of one nation to communicate with those of other nations is the biggest achievement in terms of globalization. It has provided the production market with an improved access to a wide range of foreign products and as a result, globalization has increased and helped in the production of goods for import and export.By increasing production and lowering costs, South Africa is able to take advantage of access to these free markets and allow for more trading with international consumers. This will help the country to not only increase export profits but also employment. An important factor of globalization is that it is able to remove barriers and promote mobility. By opening borders it exposes people to opportunities for example – as established company like Macdonald is able to expand their countries like South Africa. Thus creating employment and strengthening the economy.This exposes young South African entrepreneurs to more advanced ways ND ‘know-how in running a bu siness. The globalization of the economy and the demands on the workforce that goes with it, requires an education that allows learners to think independently, to exercise Judgment and teamwork to make sense of new situations. Education teaches how to learn, problem-solve and incorporate the old with the new in our ever changing society. Foreign interest and investment will be directly linked to education and training.Due to increased competition from globalization, companies are more willing to aid their employees with courses or financially with studies. This enables them to be more efficient and effective within the organization. â€Å"Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area. The standard of living includes factors such as income, quality and availability of employment. † (www. Wisped. Org) According to this definition of standard of living, globalizati on has a positive influence on a developing country such as South Africa. It increases the availability of goods, opportunities and potential of income for South Africa. Poverty stricken countries are instantly playing ‘catch-up' with the rest of the world in terms of technological advances. The standard of living is measured by the income per person which has increased in South Africa over time, thus proving that globalization has had a positive impact on the economy of South Africa.Page | 4 Due to globalization, South Africa has had the opportunity to ‘rub shoulders' with economic giants such as the United States, Japan, United Kingdom and China. This enables our country to learn from other countries and stabilize our economic infrastructure. South Africa has been able to learn better methods of communication, rainspout and distribution networks that make business activity possible. With globalization we can learn to constantly improve and develop our economic infrastr ucture from power house economies. Government regulation is when the legislative and executive branches set and enact laws that determine how a specific task, business, or industry is supposed to run. † (wry. Answers. Ask. Com) For a developing country such as South Africa to gain knowledge on regulation regarding laws, ideas or patterns of behavior from across the globe, it is important to have good relations with first world leaders. The different levels and branches in government are there to help deal with issues the country faces, but sometimes this inequality in power has devastating effects.State power and functions are sometimes abused and this has a direct impact on the citizens and development of the country. Information technology is a driving force of globalization and the advancement of video calling and teleconferencing making business that much more efficient, it increases the communication processes. Technology has something to do with change. Most of the innov ations from the technological advances have very important effects on the lives of peoples of the world, which has witnessed radical changes.The use and production of CIT plays an important role in the ability of nations to participate in global economic activities. Conclusion Page I All sectors including economic, political, technological, cultural and environmental are directly affected by, and fall under the ‘umbrella' of globalization. The term and definition of globalization shows us how we are all interconnected and interdependent in some way and how our lives have taken shape around the rapid and ongoing changes in the world.

Love/Hate Othello Essay

In love comes an exponentially vast array of emotions that can all show themselves at one time or another. One of those emotions that comes with love is hatred. Walter Raleigh once said, â€Å"Hatreds are the cinders of affection.† If you can find feelings of hate towards someone you love, it is because you truly love them. This is why Othello has so much hate towards Desdemona in act III. In act III, Iago plants the thought in Othello’s head that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with Cassio. Iago acts reluctant to answer Othello when he asks him if he feels Cassio is trustworthy, but it is all a performance put on to get in Othello’s head. Thoughts race through Othello’s head on why Desdemona would ever cheat on him, bringing out his deepest insecurities. Haply for I am black, And have not those soft parts of conversation That chamberers have; or for I am declined Into the vale of years—yet that’s not much— She’s gone. I am abused, and my relief Must be to loathe her. O curse of marriage, That we can call these delicate creatures ours And not their appetites! I had rather be a toad And live upon the vapor of a dungeon Than keep a corner in the thing I love For others’ uses. Yet ’tis the plague of great ones; Prerogatived are they less than the base. ’Tis destiny unshunnable, like death. (III.iii.267–279) The thought of these self proclaimed â€Å"flaws† makes him bring up feelings of anger and hatred, making him question if Desdemona ever truly loved him or lied to him all along. However, deep down, he still has nothing but love for her. Othello only wants to kill Desdemona and not Cassio because he feels as if she betrayed him. There was never any real relationship between Cassio and Othello aside from the military, so he doesn’t feel the same hatred towards him as with Desdemona. Othello feels that if he is not worthy to be with Desdemona, then nobody is. He loves her so much that he wants her all to himself. Selfish? Yes. Does it mean Othello doesn’t love Desdemona? No, the exact opposite. It is his great love for Desdemona which drives him to do such crazy things and have such insane thoughts. In the end, regardless of his actions, Othello loves Desdemona with all of his heart. Never before this was there any trouble in their marriage, only romantic, gleeful times. This shows that hatred and love can, in fact, coexist. Hatred and love may be polar opposites, but as they say, opposites attract.

Fall of Enron

Q1- Who were the key stakeholders involved in, or affected by the collapse of Enron? How and to what degree were they hurt or helped by the actions of Enron management? Ans- The key stakeholders affected by the collapse of Enron were its employees and retirees. Stakeholders and mutual funds investors lost $ 70billion market value. Banks were also affected by the meltdown of the company. They included big banks like J P Morgan Chase and Citigroup. Not only the stakeholder and bondholder lose out, the confidence in the company also fell. This was the major setback for the company. The actions of Enron management left a deep scare for its 4000 employees which lost out their jobs and also impacted others around them. Some blamed Arthur Andersen; Enron’s accounting firm and some blame the board of directors for insufficient oversights. The damage was so big that it was likely to take years for the court to sort the wreckage. The company did not think of its future and took many bad steps just to earn money. The CEO should have looked into the company matters long time ago and took action so that hundreds of jobs could have been saved. The companies who were associated with the big firm were affected on a very large scale. This was the biggest bankruptcy of a firm with $63.4 billion in assets. Q2- Considering all aspects of the case, what factor or factors do you believe most contributed to the collapse of Enron? In your answer, please consider both external and internal factors. Ans –Enron’s non transparent financial statements did not clearly depict its operations and finances with shareholders and analysts. The company started manipulating the revenue figures. Enron used many methods to make the companies condition look better by starting different accounting practices. They also broke the legal and ethical integrity of the company by overseeing the company’s financial reports. Even supporting the political parties didn’t help them. They had a complex business model and they misrepresented their financial status to the public so that they can have a better position in the eyes of the public and earn money on basis of that. All the above issues that led to the bankruptcy of the company were perpetuated by the actions of Lay, Skilling, Fastow and other executives. They all led to the collapse of the company. Lay did not enquire about the decisions that Skilling and Fastow were taking. He just approved to everything that they kept in front of him. Skilling always wanted to keep up to the Wall Street expectations and for this he gave pressure on his executives to find new was to hide the dept. This was the major setback for the company as they didn’t know that in future everything was going to come out and it would have led to bad consequences. Lay did not enquire about all this and approved of all the work Skilling was doing. Q3- What steps should be taken now by corporate managers, stakeholders, and policy makers to prevent a similar event from occurring in the future? Ans- People should not lie about the company’s financial status just to bring it up In the market. Eventually the truth is going to come out one day or the other. Auditors should properly keep track of the finances. Managers, stakeholders and directors should be aware of everything that is happening in the company. Policy makers should think about what steps they are taking and how it will affect other people lives. They should not make policies for the benefits of the big companies who give them finances for their political endeavours. Updated case: Many executives at Enron were indicated of variety of charges and then sentence to prison. Enron’s auditors, Arthur Anderson, was found guilty in a united states district court, but by the time the ruling was over turned at the US supreme court, the firm has lost most of its customers and had to shut down. Employees and shareholders received limited returns in the lawsuits they filed. As a consequence of the scandal, new regulations and legislation were enacted to expand the accuracy of financial reporting for public companies. Special purpose entities Enron used special purpose entities—limited partnerships or companies created to fulfil a temporary or specific purpose—to fund or manage risks associated with specific assets. The company elected to disclose minimal details on its use of special purpose entities. These shell firms were created by a sponsor, but funded by independent equity investors and debt financing. For financial reporting purposes, a series of rules dictates whether a special purpose entity is a separate entity from the sponsor. In total, by 2001, Enron had used hundreds of special purpose entities to hide its debt. The special purpose entities were used for more than just circumventing accounting conventions. As a result of one violation, Enron's balance sheet understated its liabilities and overstated its equity, and its earnings were overstated. Enron disclosed to its shareholders that it had hedged downside risk in its own illiquid investments using special purpose entities. However, the investors were oblivious to the fact that the special purpose entities were actually using the company's own stock and financial guarantees to finance these hedges. This setup prevented Enron from being protected from the downside risk. Notable examples of special purpose entities that Enron employed were JEDI and Chewco, Whitewing, and LJM. The justices agreed to look at two issues in the appeal of Mr. Skilling's 2006 conviction that could have broader repercussions, say legal observers. One deals with the government's contention that Mr. Skilling violated his legal obligation to provide â€Å"honest services† to Enron shareholders because he lied about the energy-trading company's financial condition before it collapsed into bankruptcy in December 2001. Mr. Skilling's attorneys maintained that prosecutors misapplied the honest-services statute, arguing their client hadn't lied and didn't cheat Enron or its shareholders. The second issue involves Mr. Skilling's claim that he wasn't able to get a fair trial in Houston, site of Enron's headquarters, because of anger in the community over the company's collapse. Daniel Petrocelli, Mr. Skilling's lead attorney, said the Supreme Court's decision means the defense â€Å"will finally get an opportunity for a full, frank and fair hearing† of issues that led to â€Å"Jeff's wrongful conviction.† The Justice Department declined to comment. The Supreme Court earlier accepted for review another appeal related to corporate honest-services fraud. That case involves the conviction of former Hollinger International Inc. Chairman Conrad Black. Oral arguments in Mr. Black's Supreme Court case are scheduled for December. No date has been set for oral arguments in the case of Mr. Skilling, who is in federal prison in Colorado. The question of what constitutes honest-services fraud is under debate. â€Å"The lack of clear guidance† on the statute â€Å"has been a problem in this area of criminal law for years,† said Mark Biros, a former federal prosecutor and now a partner in the Washington office of Proskauer Rose LLP. â€Å"It would be helpful to everyone if the Supreme Court steps in.† Mr. Biros said the court might be considering treating the Skilling and Black appeals as companion cases. The justices could use the two cases to provide a broader interpretation of the honest-services issue, he said. The court's agreement to hear Mr. Skilling's arguments on the location of his trial surprised Columbia Law School professor John Coffee. â€Å"The area of venue is something the Supreme Court hasn't touched for a long, long time,† Mr. Coffee said. If the court agrees with Mr. Skilling, whose attorneys argued for a venue change before the trial, it could have a wide impact. In the 2006 trial, Mr. Skilling and former Enron Chairman Kenneth Lay were convicted of fraud and conspiracy. Mr. Skilling was also convicted of insider trading. Shortly after the trial, Mr. Lay died of heart-related problems and his conviction was vacated. Former Enron chief financial officer Andrew Fastow, 44, was sentenced to six years in prison Tuesday, more than two years after he pleaded guilty to two counts of conspiracy for his involvement in the energy company's 2001 collapse. Jurors in the Houston trial of Enron founder Kenneth Lay and former CEO Jeffrey Skilling reached a verdict Thursday, the sixth day of deliberations, finding both defendants guilty of most conspiracy and fraud charges.

Catcher In The Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catcher In The Rye - Essay Example It is my opinion that Holden Caulfield became such a universally loved fictional character simply because of his humanity - equally because of his faults and his sensitivity. Sensitivity, yes, as strange as it might sound, but Holden did possess an astute mind, a keen eye, an unadulterated understanding of human nature and at times betrayed a sensitivity towards others that he usually hid under layers of abrasiveness and insolence. This rudeness was a defense mechanism employed by Holden to intentionally protect himself from his fellow men. In order to reach a deeper understanding of Holden, it is imperative to analyze the reason behind his rudeness. It is my opinion that Holden usually brushed people off and never showed them his true inner feelings because he was afraid of opening up and making himself vulnerable to others. He understood that human beings were just as capable of hurting as they were of loving and he did not take a chance with any of his relationships simply because he dreaded being hurt by the ones he chose to love. After Holden's passage from childhood to maturity he became increasingly aware of the "phoniness" of the world around him and craved the innocence and purity of his childhood days.

Clinical immunology (ELISA TYPES) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clinical immunology (ELISA TYPES) - Essay Example Figureure 1: The targeted antigens that are found in the wells are attached to the labelled antibodies where substrate is added in order to form a reaction with enzymes conjugated antibodies form a yellow colour in case of positive results and for negative results, blue. Monoclonal antibodies are obtained from single B-cell clones and they one biding site only that can recognize a single epitope of the antigens. These are prepared through the use of specificity desired by the hybridoma technology that is used to develop cells that are immortalized which can secrete the immunoglobulin desired (Nairn, 2002). On the other hand, the polyclonal antibodies come from immunised animals, obtained from various B-cells and they have heterogeneous collections of binding sites that help to recognize different epitopes (Kindt, 2006). Sandwich ELISA; certain monoclonal antibodies are found attached to walls of microtiter plate where the serum specimen is put to the wells so that they can be tested for complementary antigen’s presence. Where the antigen is present in the given specimen, it binds the monoclonal antibodies. The other antigens or molecules that are not bound, by the monoclonal antibodies are then washed away. Enzyme conjugated antibodies also known as secondary monoclonal are added and they are washed without any bond. The reason is that the enzymes that are conjugated to the monoclonal antibodies have receptors that are designed in such a way that they produce colour changes in the event that substrates are added. In the event that the antigens suspected are present, a complex of primary monoclonal antibodies, antigens and enzymes conjugated antibodies are formed and they will cause colour changes after substrates are added. The final results are then measured using optical technology. Colour does not change to yellow if the suspected antigens are not present where a