Impact of Exchange Rates on Stock Market: Evidence from Pakistan

Impact of Ex switch over order on hold Market Evidence from PakistanToday in the afford introduction opposed property is a line comp unmatchednt or tool for different kinds of c equales, and numerous countries in the world did businesses in un same currencies like in Dollars, Euros etc. on the different hand tendency in the p benthood foodstuff tycoon is a key index for the financial performance of a realm. persuade merchandise may receive bullish or be arr fashion which reflect its relative efficacy in specific te aredness. It alike shows the investor confidence and sen prison termnts toward foodstuffs.The establishment of the sexual congressship among the live agate line grocery store and contrasted reciprocation sum ups is burning(prenominal) for nearly reasons. Initially, it throne affect decisions virtually monetary policy and tax. Gavin (1989) lose it that financial market has a wide-ranging furbish up on the aggregate demand. The po licy shaper should be aw ar virtually the kind regarding credit line market and demand. Secondly, the relation among the aggregate demand and armoury markets may be employ to forecast the direction of the transposition pass judgment. It pull up stakes be single-valued functionful for international firms to actively man get on their vulnerability associated to foreign contracts and supervene upon respect. Thirdly, silver is knock for and soed as a commodity or an asset in portfolio of enthronement funds. So the awareness about the affinity among currency and other assets in the portfolio of investment funds is important.This is non the commencement tailvass to envision at the flip calculate and justice markets in the world as hale as in Pakistan. Like Aquino examine the foreign change over exposure countenance by Philippine companies around the Asian financial crisis. It was conclude that shopworn returns were non statistically meaning(a)ly affected by the imbalance in foreign interchange. except after the crises, in that respect was a large impact of the magnetic variations in deepen rate on the subscriber line certificate returns (Aquino 2005, 2006).Yau and Nieh investigated the consanguinity amid Taiwan dollar/Japanese yen and the line of business prices for the tip from 1991 to 2005. They found that among the exchange rate and the metreworn prices of both countries there was no long-term relationship. But this linkage exists entirely to shorten the period (Yau and Nieh 2006).But the establish field of view is exceptional in the sense that it uses the near late(a) selective information of the exchange rate and stock up market which may give up latest linkage to the investors and other policy extend tors in Pakistan.There are trey stock exchanges known as Karachi Stock transfigure (KSE), Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE) currently operating in Pakistan. Among these Karac hi Stock Exchange (KSE) is get worded as major and the well known stock market of Pakistan. It is regarded as a representative of all three stock exchanges of Pakistan. Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) formed on September 18, 1947. It began its operation with tailfin companies that have paid a capital of Rs.37 millions of dollars. The first index was the 50 index of trade and was done through open-out-cry dodge. But now KSE has 662 listed companies and considers a main economic and business hub of Pakistan. The daily KSE-100 Index published by the Karachi stock exchange is announced at 310 pm. accordingly KSE-100 index derriere be employ as performance indicators of the stock market in Pakistan. KSE played an important role in the sparing of Pakistan in different problems like political, social, financial and other issues (Karachi Stock Exchange, 2011).To key the linkage of foreign exchange rate with justness market is significant because of above reasons. So in this study the seeker tries to identify this relationship by employ various statistical techniques.Rationale of the studyThe currencymarket may be linked with honor marketin m any(prenominal) different guidances. It can be seen that if there is an upward trend in the stock market, then there forget be a large influx of foreign capital in the re existence ascribable to international investors. This influx of foreign bills would be a key indicatorfor the bankruptment of economic position of any country. The adversary excessively sustains that if there is a long downtrend visible on the stock market, foreign investors, the most likely rush to sell their shares that would have a veritable impact on the stock market of a country. This reasoning can be applied to all currencies and stock markets in the whole world (Kathy Lien, 2009).The basic idea behind this study is to submit a lead to the stock brokers, managers, planners, policy makers and regulatory authorities that they actively share learning about the change in macroeconomic variables. AND also provide vast in shaping essential for them, which may be employ for future decisions about stocks and stock markets of Pakistan especially about KSE noting the movement of the exchange rate in Pakistan. This investigation is also useful for executives, managers, responsible for the decisions, exploreers and scholarly persons who are not old(prenominal) with the exchange rate and securities markets in Pakistan. difficulty identificationDue to globalization and techno put downical innovations any one can access the foreign markets. The business in foreign countries needed to intact with change in exchange rate dynamics. Since, the exchange rate can be defined as the price of currency of one country expressed in the currency of another country. So the change in the exchange rate mogul have nigh impact on the macroeconomic variables of any country. The stock market of Pakistan may be influenced due to change in excha nge rate. So to identify this impact of exchange rate on the stock market is a matter which requires intentions.Problem StatementThe main digest of this study is to know that, how exchange rate affects the faithfulness market of Pakistan? It gain ground explores the direction ( imperative or prejudicial) and strength of relationship among exchange rate and stock market in Pakistan. For this purpose tec links the exchange rate with equity market of Pakistan to see a clear picture about them as they influence several other variables.Research QuestionWhat is the realistic impact of exchange rate fluctuation on the equity market of Pakistan?ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the effect of exchange rate on the Karachi stock exchange. The objectives of the study are.To analyzes the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan..To determines whether the impact is statistically significant or not.ResourcesResources admit financial data of KSE, articles, books, new spaper and internet. The data pull up stakes be peaceful from yahoo finance and the website of Karachi Stock Exchange.Scope of the interrogationIt is believe that the financial position of an economy is vulnerable to the foreign exchange rate. So it is real crucial to explore the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market. The present study is an effort to investigate this important survey and it tries to analyze the impact of exchange rate on the equity market of Pakistan.LITERATURE REVIEWIn the maintaining subdivision, there are many studies associated to this area of study that has been investigated earlier by other detectives.Hussain et al. examined the Impact of Macroeconomics Variables on Stock market by exploitation the periodical data of some macroeconomic variables such(prenominal) as foreign exchange rate, broad bullion M2, whole sale price (WSP) index, industrial production index (IPI), swinish fixed capital formation and foreign exchange reserve. Th e period of time to study was started from 1986 to 2008. The result showed that, after the reform in 1991, the pressure of the exchange rates and militia effects significantly to the equity market, spot the variables as IIP, and GFCF had no significant effect on the stock prices. In addition, think that internal factors of the companies such as increasing the production and capital formation had no significant effect while external factors such as the exchange rate and reserves significantly affected the stock prices. (Hussain et al. 2009).Nishat and Shaheen analyzed long-term relationships among set of macroeconomic variables and the equity market of Paksitan. The macroeconomic variables that were utilise in their study includes industrial production index (IPI), the consumer price index (CPI), M1 and the revalue of an investment earning the money market rate. Vector error field simulate was use to investigate the relationship from 1973 to 2004. It can be revealed that there is a fundamental connection between the equity market and the economy and showed that industrialized creation was the major positive determinant of Pakistani stock prices. On the other hand, inflation was the major interdict determinant of equity prices in Pakistan. It was established that the macroeconomic variable granger ca apply stock movements in prices, the reverse causality was observed in the variable in industrial production and the stock prices. In addition, argued that statistically significant durations between fluctuations in the bag and changes in the real economy were relatively short. Additionally, it was further argued that statistically significant lag lengths between fluctuations in the stock market and changes in the real economy were relatively short (Nishat Shaheen, 2004).Bhattacharya et al. analyzed a boldness study to explore the linkage between stock market and macroeconomic variables such as Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange reserves and place of champi onship Balance. They apply method of non-causation that was considered by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) for the period from 1990 to 2001. Proxy use in the investigation of stock market was Indian, the Bombay sensitive Index (BSI). The three major macroeconomic variables incorporated in the investigation was effective exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. The study revealed the attractive resulted in the expression of the stock market Indian, mainly as regards the exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. It is nominateed that there is no relation between cost and equity the three macroeconomic variables studied ( Bhattacharya Mukherjee, 2001).Dimitrova examined the association between stock prices and the exchange rates using multivariate model. He rivet on the stock markets in America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) during the period 1990-2004. The result of the study shows that there was a relationship between the exc hange rate and the stock market. The examiner stressed that there was a positive correlation when the price of actions were the main variable and be expected negative when exchange rates were the main variable. (Dimitrova, 2005).Sohail et al. runed a study on Lahore stock exchange (LSE), the objective of that study was to observed the long-term, as well as the short-term associations between Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and some important variables. apply the monthly data for the variables from 2002 to 2008, it was found that there was a negative impact of the consumer price index (CPI) on the stock market returns in Pakistan while industrial production index (IPI), real effective exchange rate, the money supply had an important positive long-term effect on stock returns to Pakistan(Sohail Hussain, 2009).Robert Gay investigated time series relationship between stock exchange index and some of the macroeconomic variables of the price of oil and the type of change in China, India, R ussia and Brazil, using the Box-Jenkins auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. It came to the conclusion of his study in which there was no significant association between exchange rate and the price of oil on the index of the stock market of these countries. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between past and present yields of the stock markets in these countries (Gay, 2008).METHODSampleSince there are 660 listed companies in Karachi stock exchange of Pakistan on November 7, 2010. This interrogation uses KSE-100 Index as a benchmark to find out the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.Instrument and MeasuresThis research bequeath be based on guerrillaary sources, thus no questionnaire go out be distri notwithstandinged. The study uses the financial data of last 6 eld of Karachi stock exchange (one of the major stock exchange in Pakistan) and exchange rate. This study lead investigates the impact of foreign exchange ra te on equity market in Pakistan.This study uses KSE-100 index as a legate of equity market of Pakistan and uses exchange rate between dollar and rupees to analyze the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity markets of Pakistan. So, this research treats KSE-100 index as the dependant variable and exchange rate as independent variables.ProcedureThe following statistical tools will be used to examine the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.descriptive statisticsCorrelation matrixRegression digestDescriptive statistics illustrate the main features of a collection of data quantitatively. It may include mean, median, mode, standard deviation, maximum and minimum. Correlation model will be tried to observe the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market of Pakistan. It will also enlighten about the direction and strength of relationship between the variables. Further to find out the impact of exchange rate on stock market of Pakistan, the study will performed the regression analysis.The data of Karachi stock exchange will be compared with the data of exchange rate of Pakistan. Statistical tools including timeline graphs and others will be constructed and made use of to determine the respective(prenominal) effects and a comparison between exchange rate and equity market.Research papers of various authors related to the study will be studied and judge against with the results of this particular research.REFRENCESBhattacharya, B., Mukherjee, J. (2001). Causal Relationship Between Stock Market And Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange Reserves and Value Of Trade Balance A Case Study For India.Website http//mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7297/Cruz, M., Walters, B. (June 2008). Is the Accumulation of International Reserves inviolable for Development.Cambridge Journal of stintings.website http//cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/32Dimitrova, D. (August 2005). The Relationship between Exchange Rates and Stock Prices Studied in Multivariate Mo del.Issues in policy- devising Economy, 14. Website http//org.elon.edu/ipe/DimitrovaElizabeth. (2006).the oxford dictionary of Phrase and Fable.Retrieved February 10, 2010, from Encyclopedia. website http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214Encyclopedia. (2009).The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of current English. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from Encyclopedia.websitehttp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999Gay, R. D. ( display 2008). Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Market Returns for quaternity Emerging Economies Brazil, Russia, India and China.International Business Economics Research Jornal, 7.Websitehttp//www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.comGulf News. (2008).Investment. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from gulfnews.websitehttp//gulfnews.com/business/investment/pakistanHussain, D. I. (2009). Why does Pakistan have to accumulate foreign reserves?Website http//ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/papersKarachi Stock Exchange. (2010).introduction. Retrieved February 2010, from Karachi Stock Exchange website http//www.kse.com.pkMinistry of Finance Islamabad, Govt of Pakistan. (n.d.). Capital Markets.Economic Survey of Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan Govt of Pakistan.Mohammad, S. D., Hussain, A., Ali, A. (2009). Impact of Macroeconomics Variables on Stock Prices Emperical Evidance in Case of KSE.European Journal of Scientific Research, 38 no. 1, 96-103.Websitehttp//pdfcast.org/pdf/impact-of-macroeconomicseNishat, D. M., Shaheen, R. (2004). Macro-Economic Factors and Pakistani justice Market.State Bank of Pakistan. (2010, January). Foreign Reserves. Lahore, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan.Should Children of outlaw(prenominal) Immigrants seize an Education?Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Get an Education?Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Be satisfactory to Get an Education?Education is a very(prenominal) important idea that impacts our nation as a whole. well-nigh American citizens think familiarity is needed for all(prenominal)one while others dont. With the rise of embezzled immigration, more and more raft are wondering whether or not the children of misbranded immigrants should have the resembling rights as the children of American citizens. more people say that it is too pricey to give them an arguing, but if they dont get an grooming, the United States can see negative effects in the future. It is only right that children of illegal immigrants have the luck to get an education in order to learn the skills to make their lives and the country better.Illegal immigrants come to the United States knowing that they are at the hazard of getting caught, going to jail, and getting deported out of the country. This causes a lot of worship and anxiety in their every day lives. The main reason many immigrants come here is for work and to better their familys lives. To better their familys lives, their children need an education. Today, children of illegal immigrants still have the chance to get an education because of the 1982 case, Plyer v. Doe, where the U.S. positive Court ruled (5-4) that a 1975 Texas law disowning public-school education to children of illegal aliens go against the 14th Amendments equal-protection clause (Miller). Having this law is very economic aidful for those who do not have a citizenship. Most children of illegal immigrants face many obstacles end-to-end their schooling. Some start out not knowing English very well and do not have the table service they need from their parents at home. Giving them the basic studies and a place for them to learn can ease these kids develop in a way that would not be realistic without a public education.The numbers of illegal immigrants continue to go up in the US, but mostly in states like Texas, Florida, and California. According to Berna Miller, the education of these children is important because California is already facing a shortage of highly skilled workers. If children of illegal immigrants are not allowed an education, they may turn t o gangs and evil because they do not have a bully foundation. If these kids grow up with violence and drugs around, it only makes their communities more dangerous for everybody. And not having a good education does not help in getting a theorise in the future. The same happens when the situation is turned around. If children of illegal immigrants are prone an opportunity to become more skilled, they can get a better job later on which will help out the economy. Some argue that the costs of educating these children is too high, but when compared to the possibility of these children developing into adults who moderate to the economy, the United States can see itself having positive long term effects.Although some people feel that illegal immigrants shouldnt come to the United States, others feel the opposite. T for each oneers, schools and universities are standing up for the rights of undocumented children or children with undocumented parents. In November 30, 2016 presidents of 27 Jesuit colleges and universities pledged themselves to protect to the fullest extent of the law undocumented assimilators on our campuses and to promote retention of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Program (A pledge to protect Dreamers). It is important that these schools stand up for the rights of illegal immigrants children because not all had a weft when coming to this country. The presidents that stood up for these kids said their communities are immeasurably enriched by the presence, intelligence, and pull contributions of undocumented students, as well as of faculty and staff of every color and from every faith tradition (A pledge to protect Dreamers). That statement shows that having people from other cultures in the same education system helps everyone. Children of illegal immigrants are getting the chance to educate themselves while they also make their school better with their culture.Another problem that comes up with educating children of illegal immig rants is that even so though they can get a public school education, most do not go to college. In 2008, about 65,000 illegal immigrants calibrated from American high schools, but only 5 percent went on to college (Preston). This can be because most immigrants do not have a lot of money and cannot apply for financial aid to help their kids. And if their children are illegal as well, they can feel afraid of being capable when going to a university. Not helping these kids can be defamatory in the future because they will remain low-skilled workers. In this day and age it is very important that people get a good education to get high turn outing jobs. This is why the DREAM act helps these kids a lot. The idea behind the Dream Act is that the U.S. should assimilate, rather than expel, dedicated unseasoned people who are not at fault for their illegal consideration (Preston). By large-minded these kids the chance to better themselves, the United States can cast away more in the future. By helping children of immigrants, we are creating members of a hunting lodge that can contribute economically or even culturally. This helps the whole nation. It is truthful that even people who dont support these kids now will see a good change in this country later. Even if theyre illegal, these kids can defecate the next invention that can change the world.Many people are supporting the higher education of illegal immigrant children. According to Rosa Ramirez, a student at Miami-Dade College was classified as an out-of-state student because she could not provide the legal status of her parent. In the case, it is said that the student was born in Florida and that she had graduated high school in the state. The universitys rule was making her fall in a lot more because of her parents status. It should not matter where her parents stand, what really matters is a persons motivation to get a good education. By making her pay extra, she had another obstacle to face before she could go to college. If she did not deliver up, she would have lost the chance to continue getting a higher education. Luckily a Florida judge ruled that making her pay out-of-state guardianship violates the equal protection of the laws guaranteed under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. More and more cases like this are being won by children of illegal immigrants. This shows that people are opening up their eyes to the importance of education for everyone and that if someone is voluntary to put in effort to get an education, then they deserve it.It has not been easy in the past years for children of illegal immigrants to depict for public schooling. Even if the law says they should get an education, a lot of schools in the country are making it hard for these kids to enroll. According to Tim Walker, one 17 year-old student recounted to the researchers that she was told that she could not start school until after exams, delaying her enrollment by quartette weeks. This is because some schools think that children of illegal immigrants are going to fail when winning standardized tests. These schools are afraid of looking bad by evaluate these students. Education should be about making people better not just caring about grades. Another thing that some public schools do is make up a lot of rules that have to do with residency or they make the enrollment process too hard for some immigrant families to understand. Some measure if a public school does not necessitate to accept a student, they will steer students to alternative education programs, including, but not limited to, those intended for children with serious behavioural problems, even if the student in question displays no such issues (Walker). This is another unfair way to treat children of illegal immigrants. If a student does not have behavioral problems and only wants to succeed, they should not be forced to take another blackguard top.Even though it seems like the country is split up over this problem, it is good to see things through a humans plain point of view. If a human did nothing wrong and is being denied an education which only makes a them better, then there is a problem. If we let children of illegal immigrants follow their dreams and make something of themselves then we can expect good results. By giving these kids the tools, they can create a better America in the future. Many of them have different talents and intelligence that can be a good thing for this country. Their parents risked a lot to help them have a brighter future. If we deny education to children of illegal immigrants, we are denying the American dream.Works CitedA self-assurance to Protect Dreamers. America 19 Dec. 2016 10. General OneFile. Web. 9 Feb. 2017.Miller, Berna. Educating the other Children. American Demographics Oct. 1997 49. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Preston, Julia. Raised in the U.S., but Still Illegal How Should the U.S. Treat a Million Young People Who Were B rought Here illegitimately as Children? New York Times Upfront 15 Mar. 2010 8. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Ramirez, Rosa. Judge U.S.-Born Children of Undocumented Parents Can Pay In-State Tuition. Nationaljournal.com 6 Sept. 2012 n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Walker, Tim. How Undocumented Students Are Turned Away From Public Schools. NEA Today. N.p., 23 Apr. 2016. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.Interactive Whiteboards Advantages and Disadvantages StudyInteractive Whiteboards Advantages and Disadvantages StudyHaving personally conducted surveys whilst studying at University in England and Australia, I found at times it was frustrating, time down and the strike rate less than 5%.At other times it was very rewarding with the strike rate at a sanitary 30%.Firstly the paper will take a look at four different papers and what pro and cons they gathered on IWBsSecondly the paper will contain a model for conducting a large scale research survey.It will containThe sign degree to i mplement the surveyThe methodology used to collect dataThe questions used in the surveyAnalysis of the dataJustificationThe research is very important for instructors as it let them know if the IWB improves the statement in instruction and learning. It will also help the teachers understand their weaknesses and strengths using new technology in the pedagogy and learning environment. They will then be able to plan their lessons so the students are able to get a full understanding of the IWB as a teaching tool and not a plaything.The teachers may find they have to teach basic computer skills to the students, such asTerminology (literacy)How to turn their computers onHow to log in and outSoftware useHow to access the internetKey board skillsThe teachers may say that they do not have time to teach a separate subject as it will encroach on the lessons they are teaching.Without recognising the weaknesses of the students, in using the IWB, the students may miss out on rich opportuni ties that are fundamental in their pedagogy growthQuotesAccording to Sudgen that something, as bland as a projected image could be used moveively in this way (Sudgen 2002). The seriousies he experienced with the IWB showed that there were logging on problems by the students and if the IWB was knocked it had to be re-calibrated (Sudgen 2002)Other problems encountered were light shinning on the IWB caused shadows making it difficult to see the images, the key board only shows lower case letters, making it hard for some students to recognise letters and problems caused by the students resting their hand on the IWB whilst writing (Sudgen 2002)Even with the difficulties Sudgen encountered during the lesson, he found the students worked with each other on how to find the correct word and its spelling using the IWB (Sudgen 2002). He also found by the end of the lesson the students had gained confidence in using the IWB even if they put in the wrong answer, they all supported each other b y offering alternative answers (Sudgen 2002)Research by Dorothy Walker at the Royal Docks Community School in 2003 found some strike results IWBs had on the pedagogy of the students and how it improved the time teachers spent actually teaching.With the help of the deputy head, Tom Smith, Walker found that the teachers where getting 20 25 per cent more time teaching (Walker 2003)The school was that impressed with the value of the IWB they have 54, which are housed in a purpose built construction (Walker 2003)Smith has asked to be benched marked against other schools, but as until now Ofsted cant find anyone like us (Walker 2003)The Docklands school has 1,200 who announce over 48 languages, this made Smith search for innovative technologies to help the students, whose special needs exceeded 10 times the national average.When Smith first saw the IWB he knew it would help with literacy, as many of the students are opthalmic learners (Walker 2003)The students are enthusiastic in hel ping new teachers use the IWB as well, (the teachers) receive extensive in house genteelness (Walker 2003)The students use the IWB to interact with each others ideas by sharing their work, with over 600 PCs in the school the students can access the IWB to evaluate what they have be presented with in the previous lessons as well as being able to download their homework.Hull University together with Promethean (the maker of IWBs) and with funding from NESTA carried out research in August 2002, to find out how effective IWBs are in delivering duty in the teaching and learning environment (Hull University 2002)The aim of the project over devil years, focaliseed on 200 schoolroom observations in schools and colleges.During the observations the researches tell the strengths and weaknesses of the teachers using IWBs in teaching and learning.The data collected helped them develop digital resources used for research in the learning environment.The researchers found that teachers have t o consider that IWBs can be beneficial for teaching if they make sure the students can see the fonts from all areas of the classroom, they can all hear the IWB and that light ledger entry the room may make the IWB hard to read.They found that teaches could use tuner technology so they dont have to go back to their computer, also the teachers could use the IWBs technology to save time by deliverance the WEB sites accessed on the hard drive (Hull University 2002)Using an interactive whiteboard (IWB)The research taken out relied on a single researcher observing lessons using an interactive white board and conducting interviews with teachersThe primary quill school was purposely built for teachers to use ICT and how it would enhance pedagogy in learning and teaching (Beauchamp 2004)Over the period of two years the teachers where trained on how to use ICT, giving them differing levels of confidence. When they started in the new school the IWB was new to them.The researcher divided up the data collection into four stages information collectionValidation interpretationAction (Beauchamp 2004)The researcher had the consent of the teachers and counselling to observe seven teachers using the IWB over a two day period (Beauchamp 2004)During the lesson the researcher took modern-day notes and after the lesson the researcher had an unstructured interview with the teacher on any issues they had using ICT and the IWBDuring the initial stages the teachers where disposed(p) batch of notice by the researcher what lessons would be observedThe researchers noted the amount of skills the teachers had in using ICT, and teachers pedagogical practices in using ICT.It was noted that there was a range of skills and competencies in using ICT.The researcher categorised the skills and competencies of each teacher by barren / white board substituteApprentice drug userInitiate userAdvanced userSynergistic user (Beauchamp 2004)ValidationAfter the initial var. of the observation the researcher was able to table the characteristics of the teacher and how they progressed.The second stage of observation carried out a year later allowed the teachers time to develop their skills and pedagogy in using ICTDuring the second stage of the research, the focus of the observations matched the skills on the framework developed from the data collected from the initial stage.The interviews conducted with the teachers were taped in order to authorise and ground the findings (Beauchamp 2004)During the second stage interviews the teachers were given the frameworks developed from the first stage. Unlike the initial interviews, the framework provided a structure to the questions asked by the researcherThe research did not take into account the years of experience and age of the teachers, as its aim was to get an overall theatrical performance of all primary school teachers.This eliminated any variables to ensure a model was developed which represented all teachers (Beauchamp 20 04)Interpretation and ActionA soft analysis was used to analyse the data collected by the researcher. The data collected identified common features as well key differences in areas of cognitive and pedagogical development of how teachers used ICT and IWBThe variables noted wereOperating system useMechanical skillsProgram variablesClassroom management and pedagogy (Beauchamp 2004)The researcher noted on occasions there where advancements predominantly in the pedagogical and mechanical skills of the teachers.DifficultiesThe research conducted in the primary school looked at how the teachers used and implemented ICT and IWB in the learning and teaching environment.The research was conducted over two days observing and interviewing the teachers in two stages, with a gap of one year between each stage.The length of time between each stage may of led to a belief by the teachers that they had plenty of time to improve their skills. The evidence presented by the researcher does not suggest the skills where improved in leaps and abounds over the year.Seven teachers took part in the research all had prior knowledge of which lessons would be observed. The small number of teachers used in the research would make it very difficult and probably twine to come to a general consensus.The interviews in stage one were unstructured, whereas in stage two they were taped and structured. The problems of having an unstructured interview would of made the analysis of the data unreliable and complex in being able to validate the findings.Stage TwoThe initial phase to implement the surveyI would look at getting backing from the Education Department to conduct the survey. This would give the survey credibility and help to get participation from the schools management and teachers.The letter to the Department of Education will contain this preambleProblem Definition i.e. The use of the Interactive White Board (IWB) in the teaching and learning environment and how it improves pedagogy.Wi th the event of new technologies used in the classroom there is a need for the system to be investigated. Increasing the knowledge of teachers in the use of IWB will give them knowledge of its potential as a tool in the pedagogy process.If teachers feel more homelike using the IWB it will benefit them in lesson planning, understanding the needs of their students and how to fall upon any difficulties their students may have.The IWB is expensive, but it is here to stay, with the emphasis on using Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in the 21st century classroom.If a teacher feels incompetent in using the IWB they may not use it in primary schools. This could disadvantage the students when they go to higher education.The aim is to ask primary schools to participate in a wide scale research project.Data will be collected by way ofAn online questionnaireInterviewsObservationsThe survey will not contain any personal information on teachers or students.Note The preamble would be written as a letterThe letter will include the questionnaire and any other relevant corporal that will support the proposal.Bu way of a bulletin, primary schools will be asked to participate in a large scale research project. The intellectual of which is to improve the use of new technologies in teaching and learning.The schools will be told that the survey will be online and conducted by way of observation and interviews.They will be able to pick which ones they would be happy to participate in.The schools will be asked to register at an encrypted WEB site.After registration the schools that register will be given a registration number.The schools will be required to provideSize and type of school i.e. private, public, special ed etcSubjects taught using IWBThe range of teachers experienceLocation city suburban, countryThe schools will be then asked to fill in the online questionnaire (below)The surveyAfter amass the online survey an analysing by way by way of graphs the second phase of the survey will come into place.This will entail a appropriately qualified person going to schools and conducting the observations and interviews e.g. retired teacherThe observation and interview will be conducted with an arrangement between the teacher and data collector.The observer will noteThe subject being taught.The grade being taught.What the IWB was used for e.g. Internet, research etc.Length of time the teacher used the IWB.Whether it improved pedagogy or complemented it.The competency of the teacher.During the interview, the observer will ask the teacherHow the IWB complimented their pedagogy.Had they had cookery on the use of the IWBHow long had they been using the IWBWould they like more trainingAny issues they have with the IWBAny improvementsThe interviews should take no longer then five minutes with a tick box sheet and a small comment section.The data collector will then log into the WEB site and upload all the dataConclusionWithout large scale research i t is very easy to vulgarise and come to conclusions that the researcher wants.As we found at Docklands, Smith could not get a benchmark that would help him assess the effectiveness of using the IWBOther researchers collected data from a small group, compared to the amount of schools, yet they tried to generalise their finding to the overall schools populace.It seems that IWBs are going to be the future of teaching, then the Education Departments and Governments need to make certain data collected on the benefits of IWBs needs to quantitive and qualitive, without which could lead to problems in literacy and pedagogy that will impact on teachers and students alike.BibliographyInternetDruin A, et al, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia,13 May 2006Beauchamp Gary, http//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/, Sydney Australia, 15th May 2006Hull University et.al, http//www.thereviewproject.org/about.htm,Sydney Australia, twenty-seventh May 2006Roschelle J, http//www.blackwell-s ynergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006Sudgen D, http//ferl.becta.org.uk/ , Sydney Australia, twenty-seventh May 2006Walker D, http//www.tes.co.uk/, Sydney Australia, 27th May 2006The complete addresseshttp//www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2003.00028.xhttp//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1475939x.asphttp//ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm?resID=2640http//www.tes.co.uk/section/story/?section=Archivesub_section=Online+Educationstory_id=373324Type=0http//www.thereviewproject.org/about.htmBibliographyInternetDruin A, et al, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006Beauchamp Gary, http//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/, Sydney Australia 15th May 2006Roschelle J, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006The complete addresseshttp//www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2003.00028.xhttp//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1475939x.asp

The Crucible A.P. Book Report

The melting pot A.P. Book ReportThe Crucible A.P. Book Report1. The Crucible 2. Arthur moth miller, 1950s 3. America, California4. John observe Honor satisfactory and rational, he is the attracter of the few sane large number of capital of Oregon. Although plagued by his mathematical function with Abigail, the biased and rattlebrained leading of the church, and the under man utilize intentions of his fellow neighbors, he quiet somehow is capable to remain in our minds as a respectable man that stood open until the end.Abigail Williams Master amply dis recogniseable and envious, she is the main cause of the capital of Oregon witch trials. primarily fueled by lust for John Proctor, she is forced to victimize the immaculate village by and by weaving too thick a tissue of deceit about her affair. justness Danforth Self-Righteous and stiff, Judge Danforth is the towering causa that believes in the churchs, and his own, holiness. He judges the Salem trials somewhat sensi bly, simply his self-control in Puritan values blinds him towards the ulterior motives of many Salem inhabitants. lofty Parris Scornful and pathetic, Parris is a deplorable minister that c bes nonwith cornerstoneing about his image. He discover Abigail flagrantly disobeying his orders, but tries to keep her deeds secret, in precaution for his story. Elizabeth Proctor (minor) Wise and forgiving, Elizabeth is a modest woman that has quietly lived with John, pull down finished his affair. Although she doesnt appear joyful or happy, she is never blinded by Salems uproar and easily shines as a moral reference work reference finished the harsh dates.reverend John Hale (minor) Overconfident but sensible, Reverend John Hale is a character that majorly develops as the novel progresses. He first shows up as a brash reverend immediate to fight witchcraft, but develops into a humble and sensible man that accreditedizes the happening in Salem. He is one of Johns few allies, an d is wrecked with guilt after the trials are over. 5. Salem, Massachusetts (Village) John Proctors House Although located somewhat away(p) of Salem, it doesnt take long for the craze to reach his category. The mood in the set up is dreary and stiff, since an air of mistrust pervades the roms. Hale originally comes here to regard the Proctors family, but comes to believe in Johns cause after the injustice through with(p) to Elizabeth. Salem Meeting House Forbidding and ominous, the meeting foretoken sour courtroom is the center stage for the witch trials. Poorly made walls and childly furniture make up the room, and this creates awkward tension for the reader and the criminate. all told accused witches are condemned here by Judge Danforth, with Abigail leading her deceitful group. Parriss HouseOriginally clean and white, this place soon houses the horrible misdeeds of the Salem Witch craze. Betty was originally confined to her bed here with a kooky sickness, but certain ac cusations against her, paired with Titubas confession and Abigails quick plot, turned this house into the spawning point for the witch hunt.6. In the village of Salem, Betty Parris is stricken with a distemper after secretly dancing in the woodland with the village girls. The townsfolk bring in Reverand Hale, a witch craft expert, and he accuses the leaders of the girls, Abigail and Tituba, of complying with the devil. further, the girls claim they were possessed, and infernal random member of the village to reinforce their confession. The Salem Witch hunt officially starts. In a house outlying(prenominal) outside Salem, John and Elizabeth Proctor converse over marriage issues. concisely after, Hale comes to chief the Proctors, but instead learns from John of Abigails deceit and intention. The place then arrive, and bring a warrant for Elizabeths arrest on bet of being a witch. Though they have little evidence and Hales disapproval, the place take her anyways. Proctor, Mary Warren, Giles Corey, and Francis Nurse storm into the court and demand for the expiry of their wives. Marry Warren, originally part of Abigails group, confesses that everything is a lie. Proctor brings more evidence, claiming that Abigail is a whore that wishes to see his wife dead, and that his wife knew all about the affair. Judge Danforth cave ins a series of tests to Proctor to assert this, bringing in Elizabeth to confirm the statement. She denies it to save Proctors dignity and both are jailed, ultimately ascribable for the g permits. The seasons change, and Abigail has be given away from Salem. John is given a chance to live by signing a confession, but tears it up when he learns it must be shown to the public and ruin his trace. At the end, he is sent to the gallows.7. ghostlike Extremism/Intolerance Although superstition and religious values sparked the ideas of witchcraft around the town, it was superstition and Puritan extremism that truly set the fire abla ze. Basically, anything against Puritan values was stricken down as devil-worship. Ironically, the only reason the Salem Trials became believable was because of Hales down(p) push for a confession between Tibuta and Abagail, and Judge Danforths one-track mind against the proclaim witches. Accountability and Hidden Agendas In a culture founded on unforgiving standards and uptight morals, it was inevitable that private transgressions would form. The Crucible documents a time in which all sins were looked upon as extremely taboo and devil-influenced. Consciously or subconsciously, people still bore personal sins, and this harboring led to the rapid pace of accusations. By accusing others, feelings of self- righteousness were produced villagers turned on villagers, and the Salem Trials went down in annals as a dark time for everyone. story and Guilt Reputation is an extremely influential factor in every decision of The Crucible, but it often makes the decisions unbeneficial to everyo ne. Reverend Parris chooses to cover up his nieces deeds in regards to his reputation however this decision only creates more speculation and gives Abigail more time to create a believable story. Danforths failure to admit wrongdoing due to his respectable record clearly leads to many unwarranted deaths, while Hales admission fee makes him a respectable and honest character. Finally, John Proctors decision to reveal his affair in order to condemn Abigail ironically makes him the most upright character out of all the self-serving Puritans.8. The Witch Trials Although already important in itself, the witch trials generally represented the idea of unfair accusation, and raised the question on the validity of the accuser. It also represented the idea of an accuser getting the accused to speak the answer that he or she would want to here, no social function the technique. These questionable situations can be matched with the big issue at hand during the second red scare, McCarthyism. T he United States Government, using little evidence, accused thousands of Americans of being communists, and Arthur Miller used the Salem Trials to represent the absurdity of these accusations.Foreign Objects (The Woods, Poppet, Titubas Ritual) Although all in all different things, these three share a commonality they are contrasted to the Puritan beliefs. The woods represent the unknown, seemingly equaling the darkness of the devil. To Reverend Parris, the woods emphasize Titubas ritual as a satanic device, starting the substantial ordeal of a witch craze. The poppet also represents a crash of beliefs, as it also represents a foreign concept to the Puritans. Ultimately used as evidence against Elizabeth, a seemingly harmless poppet harnesses insalubrious superstitions that almost earn Elizabeth a death sentence. Overall, these three concepts represent the Puritans aid of the unknown, and their rebranding of anything suspicious as devilish and superstitious.9. Abigail I have a virtuoso for incite, John, and yours has drawn me to my window, and I have seen you looking up, burning in your loneliness. Do you tell me youve never looked up at my window? In The Crucible, heat and fire are strong images of the lustful relationship between Abigail and Proctor. In Act I, Abigail still wants their private relationship to go on, as she claims swears that she has a sense for heat and has seen John burning up in his loneliness. Basically, she still has a passion for him, and hopes to convince John that he still loves her. Later, the absence seizure of heat in his own home describes his stiff relationship with Elizabeth. His house is described as low and dark, imagery that represents the cold affair that emotionally separates the cardinal.Proctor I have made a bell of my honor I have run the doom of my good name you ordain believe me, Mr.Danforth The metaphor of his honor becoming a bell is fishily dependable in regards to the Puritan village. Bells in a city are used to alarm citizens or remind them of an event Proctors honor is doing scarcely that. Ironically, Proctors show of honesty in revealing his affair is the first true act of a Puritan, ringing true throughout the court. However, the only snuff it that is actually heard in the court is his doom, since his originally suspicious character does not merit truthfulness.10. A crucible is literally defined as a container of metal or refractory material employed for heat substances to high temperatures, or a severe, searching test or trial. These two definitions basically sum up the entire story the whole take hold is literally a court trial, and symbolically a trial of villagers morality and practicality. Most fail the test by succumbing to false accusations (high temperatures), and subsequently shoving the blame onto someone else. However, this tactics trulyly shines when we actually find a real crucible, representing John Proctor. Although he is hanged, he is understandably one of the only few that actually endures the flames and trials, and stays in our mind as a true crucible.11. Style/Dialect One important aspect Arthur Miller valued to emphasize while writing this work is its realism. He wanted us to understand that this actually happened. By writing an entire play using the dialect spoken in the late 1690s, Miller is able to bring this play to life. Through the use of old style word that includes real accounts from Salem documents, we can witness everything in a historically accurate recreation. Form of Narration By choosing to recreate the Salem Trials through a play and not a novel, Arthur Miller allows us to fully view what really happened without keeping us in a apart(p) state of mind. If one would watch the play, he or she would witness real dialogue and real actions novels give us an enjoyment, but never allow us to feel the real fervor of the characters involved. In novels, the author decides what we watch. However in plays, the author gives us an entire scene and allows us to center on on specific parts, just like real life. 12. Elizabeth He were not hanged. He would not answer aye or nay to his indictment for if he denied the charge theyd hang him surely, and auction out his property. So he stand mute, and died Christian under the lawGreat stones they lay upon his chestthey say he give them but two words, More weight, he says. And died. (135)Proctor No it is not the same What others say and what I sign to is not the same Because it is my name Because I cannot have another in my life How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul choke me my name (143)ProctorWhy, we have no fear of questions, sir. Hale Good, then I note that you are rarely in the church on Sabbath Day. ProctorWhats your suspicion, Mr. Hale? Hale No, no, I have no Proctor I nailed the roof upon the church, I hung the door a Hale Oh, did you Thats a good sign, then. (64, 66) From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of f amous quotes, the SparkNotes

Iconoclasm And Iconophilia In Islam Religion Essay

Iconoclasm And Iconophilia In Islam Religion EssayIntroductionThe purpose of this oblivious essay is to examine Iconoclasm and Iconophilia within the Islamic context of use. First, the two scathe leading be delimitate, elucidating their meaning by alike drawing upon other linking confinesinologies. Second, quoteences from traditional sources, Quran and Sunnah (Hadith) give be discussed to high rickety the debates on nonliteral mental federal agency from a theological perspective. In relation to this, the next surgical incision go forth briefly discuss the umbrella terms Moslem Iconoclasm or Islamic Iconoclasm and focus on the problematic aspects of much(prenominal) labelling. Subsequently, the last sectionalization will contextualise all the preceding arguments to understand and debate the Taliban decease of the Buddhas of Bamyan in 21st Century. In the end pertinent conclusions will be drawn.DefinitionsThe purport of departure for this essay will be to define the two terms Iconoclasm and Iconophilia and elucidate the duality of these concepts. Moreover, some of the terms associated and derived from these two concepts will also be high uncontaminatinged.harmonize to wordiq1, an icon derived from Greek word, , eikon which means an image. It is defined as an artistic visual representation or symbol of some(prenominal)thing considered holy and miraculous, such as perfection, saints or deities. A painting, sculpture as well as a mosaic classifies as an icon. The same source2defines the word iconoclasm, as literally destructing sacred icons sacred monuments and images, for religious or political motives. This is in the main an action d matchless by a somebody who attacks, breaks and destroys sacred monuments and religious images. Such bulk atomic number 18 called iconoclasts. This term also refers to a person who has a hatred for established religious institutions and dogmas and images for religious veneration.gods-bull-breaking.gif An Ima ge of an iconoclastic man with a hammer, breaking a bull icon into pieces. ingenuity of Word Info image Copyright, 2006.As per contra, those individuals who venerate or idolize any religious images atomic number 18 called iconodules. In addition, this is linked to the second term in discussion, Iconophilia. An iconophile, is understood as a con nonation of images, pictures, engravings, illustrations on books or manuscripts. A person who has a fondness of such images and objects and one who loves these icons, illustrations and pictures is defined as an iconophilist or an iconophil.Moreover, someone who produces such images and pictorial icons is referred to as an Iconoplast3.With an judgement of the key terms in question, the next part of this essay will discuss the act of destroying cultural and religious icons for obtaining abstraction and conversely by contra the act of making representational representation in light of Islamic tradition. The following part of the essay will first shed light on references from traditional sources that excite been employ for supporting forbidding of figurative representation in Islam.Instruction for Image rampart in light of Quran and Sunnah (Hadith)In QuranIn the Quran, although in that location is no ad hoc mention of nonliteral representation/ painting, thither are verses which point prohibition of idolatry, such as in the following verse, chapter 5, verse 90 O ye who believe Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination, of Satans hand invent eschew such abomination), that ye whitethorn prosper.4A nonher Surah from the Quran, chapter 21, verses 53-55 ordersWhen he said to his father and to his people, What are these images to which ye pay devotion? Said they,We found our fathers serving them. Said he, Both you and your fathers have been in obvious error. This verse can be interpreted in diverse ways. integrity possible explanation is that it forbids fal se idols, or another interpretation could be that it indicates that any form of imagery of God or his divine nature is condemned and prohibited. Therefore, this verse has had umteen interpretations done by theologians, who have apply it to ban the act of drawing, painting as well as sculpting figures5. One whitethorn argue that this verse prohibits idolatry as supposed to figurative representation.It is commonly argued that the Quran, as compared to the Hadith traditions, is not specific on the subordinate of figural photo, however it nonetheless condemns idolatry and uses the Arabic term musawwir (maker of forms, or artist) as an epithet for God (Figural Representatiom of Islamic Art, 2000), due to this sentiment, paintings with figures are make abstract and stylized, moreover, partially as a result of this religious sentiment, many resultants of death of figurative art took place (Ibid., 2000). Therefore, in the hadith (the save sayings) of the seer Muhammad, there are mu ch clearer references to the prohibition of figural representation and painting. It is these hadith which are utilized by the theologians to support and elaborate on the meaning and intent of the above Quranic verse, and, it is from them that many Muslims derive legitimacy for their arguments against figural representation.According to one of the related hadiths to this matter, Aisha, the wife of the Prophet describe that on seeing a curtain embellished with pictures of animals, the Prophet was enraged and tore the material to pieces, declaring, The makers of these pictures will be punished on the twenty-four hours of Resurrection, and it will be said to them, Give life to what you have created. The Prophet added, The Angels of (Mercy) do not enter a house in which there are pictures (of animals). Bukhari, account book 7, Book 62110.6Another source presents additional response by Prophet on the same incident saying Such people as paint these pictures will receive the severest pu nishment on the Day of Resurrection.7On another occasion Muhammad is supposed to have said, Verily the just closely grievously tormented people on the Day of Resurrection would be the painters of pictures.8As for Iconoclastic activities in untimely Islamic tradition, there are early accounts of the prophet Muhammads iconoclastic activities, for instance in the ninth-century Book of Idols which narrates that When on the twenty-four hours he conquered Mecca, the Apostle of God appeared in the first place the Kabah, he found the idols arrayed nearly it. There upon he started to pierce their eyes with the point of his arrow, saying, Truth is tell apart and false-hood is vanished. Verily, falsehood is a thing that vanish-eth (Quran 1781 as narrated in Faris, 1952, p. 27). It was later on having said this, that he reproducible for the idols to be knocked down and destroy (Ibid.).According to another source, the same incident is narrated As told by Ibn AbbasWhen the Prophet saw p ictures in the Kaba, he did not enter it till he ordered them to be erased. When he saw (the pictures of) Ibrahim and Ismail carrying the arrows of divination, he said, May God curse them (i.e. the Quraysh) By God, neither Ibrahim nor Ismail practiced divination by arrows. (Bukhari, multitude 4, Book 55571, as quoted in Kheilen on Iconoclasm).9These hadith are however subject to various interpretations. It can be argued that this tradition prohibits figural representations in scared spaces, not just Kaaba hardly also in mosques as well, or it may be suggested that Prophet prohibited the specific cult or set of beliefs that these idols presented, that is divination a pre Islamic made-to-order on Mecca.(Ibid.10)http//lexicorient.com/e.o/x/t.gifAccording to one Hadith, the Prophet is also reported to declare that Angels do not enter the house in which there are portrayals or pictures.11. Per contra, one of the oldest chronicles, that of Al-Azraqi, narrates that when the Prophet retu rned to Mecca victoriously, he found the Kaaba cover with fresco paintings and he ordered that they be effaced and made an ejection for one the them, executed on a pillar, which represented Mary and Jesus. (Besancon, 2000, P. 78-79). The ambivalence to figuration in textual tradition is argued by many scholars. This is also reiterated in Rubin (1986, p. 97) and Van Reenen, (1990, p. 40) who reiterate the above tradition by arguing that after the conquest of Mecca the prophet ordered the terminal of the paintings of prophets, angels, as well as trees that had decorated the interior of the Kaaba, whilst sparing an image of Jesus and Mary.Rubin (1986) further argues that although there is a general consensus in Hadith of forbidding representations, some interpretations by traditional schools of thought also go so far as to liken artists to polytheists but these proscriptions may have been a used to heighten aniconism (the eschewal of figural imagery) along with iconoclasm (the dest ruction or mutilation of existing figural imagery). However, he states that despite their efforts Islamic art varies to a great extent crosswise different time and places (Ibid., p. 129-131).Albeit oppose and varying in form and interpretation, mainly the removal of Meccan Idols in Kaaba upon conquest is deemed very symbolic by Muslims and this slip holds great historical importance. It is due to this that generally Muslim societies refrain from figural representations in sacred spaces such as Mosques and Prayer halls. However, this opponent to depiction of living things and figural representation is not based on Quranic references but rather on various traditions present within the Hadith (Flood, 2002, p. 643-44).Muslim IconoclasmIn light of these traditional sources and their interpretation, the next part of the essay will briefly elucidate the concept of Islamic Iconoclasm or Muslim Iconoclasm in light of Muslim history. Among Muslims, it is clear and lucid to refrain from pr oducing figures and life-like images of God, his Prophet, figures who are noble in Islam as well as all living things. several(prenominal) Classical traditions and religious sources are interpreted in light of prohibition of figural representation and from time immemorial these sources are interpreted and used for various religious, as well as political Islamic doctrines. The rule out for figural representation, religious icons and images is often linked to idolatry. In popular literature this is referred to as Islamic Iconoclam and or Muslim Iconoclasm. Note that these terms will be used interchangeably throughout the essay.As noted above, one of the earliest Muslim Iconoclasm was in 630 upon the conquest of Mecca when the deities in Kaaba were destroyed this holds admittedly despite the presence of what may be an apologetic tradition, that Mohammad spared the statues of Mary and Jesus. This incident is also widely linked to the end of the Jahalliyah period in Mecca, and seque l end to idolatry in Arabia.As for the concept of Islamic Iconoclasm, it is contested and argued by many scholars. According to Besancon (2000), Muslim iconoclasm is a result of the absence of a Covenant that is why the Koran does not take the fear to positively prohibit the image. He argues that for Muslims the notion of God is transcendent and beyond human comprehension, it is thus discouraging to any figural and imagery associations (P. 81).Grabar (1975) describes the singularity in the midst of Byzantine and Islamic iconoclasm by suggesting that in case of Byzantine, Iconoclasm is commonly spelled with a capital I and In Islamic iconoclasm it is spelled with a slender i. He argues that such secondary typographical distinction demonstrate differences between a historical moments which are then capitalised later or they refer to an attitude or mode of behaviour, to the affect that he claims that for Islamic iconoclasm it is obviously too common to deserve capitalization(Ibi d., p. 45). Such a statement about Islamic iconoclastic acts are devoid of any historical context as it disregards the ample evidence of a tradition of figural representation throughout Muslim art history, and it is this lack of recognition that western authors consort to perceive and associate a long, culturally determined, and unchanging tradition of lashing iconoclastic acts within Islamic tradition and Muslim history. (Flood, 2002, p. 641) However, this is not to drop down that in various Muslim denominations there is a continuation of iconoclastic agendas, along with much recent on-going controversy regarding the destruction of Meccan historic buildings(not images) by the Wahhabist authorities who claim that they fear that these buildings were or would become the subject of polytheism and idolatry. (Howden, 2005)According to Kjeilen, this opposition to figural representation and its influence on Muslim iconoclasm have been used many times in Islamic history in order to destr oy the representation of gods, divine figures or semi-divine figures of other religions, and the destruction of statues of Buddhas by the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001 is the modern day example of this.The destruction of the Buddha-statues in Afghanistan in 2001The following part of the essay will constitute the proceeding arguments and analyze the Taliban destruction of Buddha at Bamiyan in 2001, so as to examine iconoclastic events in modern day Islamic state and develop a context to debate the preceding arguments.Dupree (2002) describes the saga of the Bamiyan Buddha destruction at Bamiyan as an aftermath of the debate at Supreme court and amongst its Council of Ministers who ordered Mullah Omar, to carry out investigation with the department of religious police (The Ministry for the measure of Vice and the Promotion of Virtue) regarding the appropriateness of the National Museums holdings in Afghanistan. It was following these orders that internalization of Shariah Law was don e in order to carry out, what may be suggested here, a political exploitation. The following events then unfolded leading to the fit destruction as narrated by Dupree (2002) specific orders were given to destroy any offending objects in the museum. A couple of weeks later, on the 26th of February, Mullah Omar gave an regulation that mandated the destruction of all non-Islamic objects and subsequently on March 8 and 9th, the Bamiyan Buddhas were dynamited (Dupree, 2002, p. 986)taliban-2.jpg Bamiyan Buddha Statue before and after destruction by the Taliban. Image discretion of Fortunecity12Biggs (2003) claims that this destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas in 2001 is a reminder that monotheism has its roots in the persecution of idolaters, and that the cultural expression of this furiousness was and remains acts of iconoclasm, however, his argument clearly falls into the frame of what Flood (2002) suggests as an ahistorical paradigm. Floods response to such interpretations is that th ey overlook the coexistence between the Muslim cosmos and the Buddhas for over a millennium prior to the destruction by Taliban (King, 1985, as quoted in Flood, 2002, p. 654)Bamian1.jpg A general view of the alcoves where the Buddha statues stood before the destruction, Image Courtesy of Embassy of Afghanistan13According to Floods thesis, many of Talibans own declarations in regards to Buddhas indicate that their destruction was a result of a political motive as supposed to theological, because since the statues were already faceless above chin level, then they would be meaningless in context of Islamic medieval iconoclasm (Flood, 2002, p. 651-655).In addition to this Meskell (2002, p. 562) argue that the causative factors of this cultural heritage destruction is varying. He suggests that it could be due to the Taliban clerics opposition to the pre-Islamic figures that were displayed in the Kabul museum or it may have been due to a visit by Italian Buddhists, the interest of UNESC O in preserving the statues paired with unconnected delegation wanting to offer money to preserve these ancient work when millions of Afghan died of starvation (p. 563). Others sources cite various factors such as soldiery operations, internal politics and international relationships (Gamboni 2001).buddha_image.jpg Faceless Buddha statues, prior to Taliban destruction. Image tact of www.deeshaa.orgConclusion While a full discussion of this topic, incorporating a all-embracing argument on the theological sources, the contested debate on what qualifies as Islamic or Muslim Iconoclasm and the sectarian disputes between factions of different groups of Muslims lies beyond the scope of this short essay. It has nonetheless highlighted that opposition to figural representation is not based on the Quran, but rather on various traditions that are found within Hadith and that these interpretations are subject to interpretation and being utilised for reasons other than theological. The arg uments in this essay resonate with Floods (2002) understanding that the destruction of Budhaa was more political and a result of a power self-direction monopoly rather than theologian factor, and that it may have amounted to provoked affirmation of sovereignty by the Talibans, not just upon their territory and the people there but also upon the values that they upheld. This essay intended to use the destruction of Buddhas as an example, to highlight the political aspects of Iconoclastic moments and elucidate that what is largely conceived as a theological impulse is not a timeless response to prohibition of figuration but that it may have been a cultural, social and political converse of image representation at a particular moment in history.

The impact of armed conflict in Nigeria

The impact of arm participation in Nigeria more countries in sub-Saharan region in Africa capture been plagued with pagan and religious strifes. Nigeria has non been immune to such(prenominal) conflicts. The verdant has and continues to witness high levels of heathenish and anti-sate violence. Ever since independence from Britain in 1960 the African nation of Nigeria has been torn apart(predicate) by wars, violence and heathenish conflicts. This paper centers on the effect of such conflicts on Nigerian wo workforce with a charge on the conflict in Jos, the capital city of plateau arouse. The city has continually been rocked by brutal and relentless howlers in 1994, 2001, 2008 and al close belatedly in January 2010. These conflicts leave brought about extensive last of lives and properties. Most significantly, the conflicts have brought about gross man veraciouss misdemeanors perpetrated against civilian populations, particularly women and children who app atomi c number 18ntly arrange up the most vulnerable group.Considerable pass has been done regarding women and gird conflicts. Much of this work has been done by institutions concerned with human rights violations, particularly violations against women. Unfortunately, much of this work has foc apply on sexual violence against women and has more often than not ignored another(prenominal) important aspects of violations against women.The purpose of this paper is to consider and cozy up a range of ways in which women atomic number 18 alter by armed conflicts (in addition to sexual violence). Using responses from interviews conducted with women who have experienced the most recent conflict in the capital city of Jos in Nigeria, we point that there is a wide range of ways in which women atomic number 18 affected by armed conflict. For example, armed conflict exacerbates inequalities. These inequalities continue unconstipated by and by the conflicts cease. Our findings show that wo men experience economic hardships during and subsequently conflict. Furthermore, women ar excluded from tranquility building initiatives that take place during and after armed conflict.Keywords-Armed conflicts, cultural conflicts, human rights violations, religious conflicts, and womens rights.INTRODUCTIONThe frequency of conflicts leading to violence and extensive destruction of lives and property especially since the early 80s in many countries of the world can, without exaggeration, be traced to many divisors. Some of these factors are governing bodyal, economic, ethno-religious conflicts and land boundary issues. Most of these conflicts are often presented as either ethnical or religious in nature, and oftentimes slightly(prenominal). However these seek findings indicate that the underlying fundamental factor that facilitates such ethno-religious conflicts revolves around prevailing economic and policy-making crisis. This is the basic dais for most of the recurrin g predicaments.Unfortunately, ethno-religious conflicts remain the political, economic and social legacies of three decades which involves perceive marginalization, mal-governance and disrespect for the constitution. The greedy and selfish ways in which the Nigerian political leaders embarked on, in acquiring power at all cost, has confused the true federal constitution negotiated by the founding leaders. This reveals some of the unproblematic basis for the violent crisis in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria.BACKGROUNDIn 2001, a major crisis occurred in Jos, the capital city of Plateau State in the northern part of Nigeria, leading to the destruction of properties and loss of lives. there was overly another crisis in 2004, 2008 and the most recent in 2010. The causes of these conflicts are seen as political, ethno-religious and indigenes settlers dispute. In most cases, it is tough to describe the Jos crisis from expert the ethnic perspective without observing the political, econo mic or religious aspect. They are not mutually exclusive.The recurrent crisis in Jos especially the one that occurred in 2010 leftover a fatal impact on the caller. Many people including women and children were killed. The 2010 Jos crisis enter the highest casualty of women and children in comparison to the previous ones. About 500 women befogged their lives in unpleasant circumstances term other women lost their husbands and children as well as their means of livelihood.It is rather unfortunate and unlikely that the leaders of the present government will be able to take the absolute step to assume required constitution changes to douse the festering ethno-religious tensity and violence in many parts of the country.Nigeria is a complex society with a wide variety of religious and cultural allegiance and susceptibility. The to the lowest degree one could do is to come to terms with the reality of the multi-religious status and therefore recognize and ensure that the rights of all Nigerians are equally protected. The city of Jos had venomous riots in 2001, 2008 and 2010, and the communal/religious crisis that erupted in Jos (Plateau) in 2001 still causes a lot of clashes in the State till date. It was shocking to many Nigerians that had suckled the notion that Jos was a safe haven for most Christians from other ethnic nationalities who fled from the States dominated by the Islamic Sharia laws. We likewise observed that most of the conflicts are located in urban areas, and that generally women and their children suffered the most. Those not killed during the conflict are left to feed and fend for themselves and their children.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMMany of these contestations between indigenes and settlers result in violence. As noted, Jos and most of the townships in Plateau State in 1994, 2001, 2004 in which the Beroms, Afizere and others who claim to be indigenes oppose the Hausa/Fulani tribes who are regarded as settlers from the era of the c olonial masters who by and large came in to Jos town as miners and merchants.Jos Crisis A crisis triggered by inequality. It can easily be traced to the robust inequalities in the society.In 2004, a state of emergency was declared in Plateau State (of which Jos is the capital) after which over 200 Moslems were killed in the attacks by Christian militia.In the November 2008 crisis, over 340 people were killed and properties worth billions were destroy when Muslim opposition supporters went on the rampage over alleged election irregularities after they had heard their candidate to head a council had lost to a Christian.In January 2010, being the most recent crisis, more than 500 people were killed mostly women after the Christians protested the construction of a mosque in a Christian area, and after Muslim protesters attacked a Catholic church.It is ironic that such catastrophic and bloody(a) encounters have occurred in Jos, a city which derives its name from an acronym for Jesus Our Saviour. Perhaps, the ocellus of Jos a former enclave for colonial missionaries and its geographic location aptly expound by some as a de facto fault line separating Nigerias in general Muslim northern part from its mainly Christian southern region.Nigeria is a country of strong prejudice between indigenes and non-indigene natives and settlers, the Nigerian constitution hitherto empowers this ethnic affiliation by giving credence to the State of origin and likewise some political appointments are based on ethnic and state of origin. The crisis in Jos is not immune to the State of Origin gizmo the Christians are the natives, while the Muslims are the settlers. Hence the belief remains that the natives are threatened by the increasing population and prominence of the settlers. The natives are incomplete as well keen to share their lands with the settlers nor offer their hands in partnership on the political outfit. The settlers on the other hand, feel cheated and threat ened too by the natives whom they feel have failed to recognize them politically and socially patronage having co-existed for decades. The fact that the two are on the opposing sides of the religious secern certainly does not help. The cumulative effect of these factors the aftermath of cultural and societal inequality is what has been happening in Jos over the years.METHODOLOGYThis research work is based on qualitative analysis methods. The principle method used is structured in-depth interviews conducted within and outside the conflict zones. Reports were drawn from rural dwellers and persons affected by the conflict including women and youths were interviewed at disaccordent times. Reports from government commissions inquiry and other investigation by setup groups were to a fault utilized. The report of the Plateau serenity Conference 2004 was very useful for this paper. Reports from assigned committee at the work for Peace and Conflict Resolution after visits to the conflic t town were as well very useful for this journal work.Some other researchers from the empyrean who were withal staff of the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies similarly gave their report from the field work. Newspaper reports, textbooks and the web were also consulted for the completion of this paper.ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS rageIMPACT ON THE ECONOMYIn general, the political instability engendered by frequent communal disputes riots, armed confrontation and breakdown of law and effectuate cannot be attractive for local or foreign investors. Jos, as it is right now from what we physically observed remains a ghost city with houses, market places, factories and company burnt down to ashes.We had met with and interviewed a business tycoon, Alhaji Busari who was a car dealer and narrated his ordeal amidst tears. He express how can this Jos riot be a forgotten incident to me when I practically lost all what I have worked and lived for in life in just one day. Billions of Naira w as burnt down, the showroom where cars are parked for display was burnt down to ashes and all the cars on display were destroyed and burnt by the rioters.IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON WOMENGender is thus a socially constructed identicalness through which roles are assigned at different levels and which can differ according to culture and can be changed by circumstances such as conflict. While the entire community suffers the dire consequences of armed conflict and terrorism, women and girls are particularly affected because of their status in society and their gender. Parties in conflict often assault women with impunity sometimes using systematic rape as a tactic of war and terrorism.A youth active remarked as follows The conflict inflicted psychological and emotional pain on both genders. However, the plight of women was particularly pronounced. There was the case of about twenty women and girls captured by the Boghom people and taken to a village called Kangyal in Kanam Local gov erning body Area. The women and their daughters suffered the worst form of sexual abuse as their captors took turns on them every(prenominal) evening for three months. When they were eventually rescued, five of them were pregnant and tested confirmative to HIV/AIDS test.THE IMPACT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENThis also has to do with violation of human rights of women, in such situation as experienced by women of all ages, who suffer displacement, loss of homes and property, involuntary disappearance of close relatives, poverty, family separation, licentiousness and those victims of acts of murder, terrorism, torture, sexual slavery. These spell out the prevailing human right violations and policies of ethnic cleansing in the war-torn and occupied areas. These practices have created inter alia a mass flow of refugees. Such women and children become refugees that no longer have homes or houses over their heads i.e. they become internally displaced persons. According to the research fi ndings, women make up the highest group of casualties.The picture above shows women in Abuja carrying pictures of at peace(predicate) women and children. Mostly women and children constitute about 80 percent of the millions of refugees around the world. different refugees including internally displaced persons are deprived of their properties, goods and also deprivation of their right to emancipation of movement to return to their homes for hero-worship and insecurity. The degree of insecurity and disorientation was determine when the Institute for Peace and Conflict researchers went to the refugee camps in Bukuru, Jos (a south Local judicature Area of Plateau State) and were told that thirty-one pregnant women at the internally displaced persons (IDP) camps were delivered of their babies at different camps.Reports from their spokesperson in charge of women in the IDP camps said in an interview that the women who gave birth were earlier taking refuge at the police stations and premises of Bukuru central mosque onwards they were later taken to another house which was converted to serve as a makeshift maternity. Out of the 31 women that put to bed only two babies did not survive. However, the two mothers were in very good conditions. In a theme report, one of the nurses in charge of the maternity centers created mentioned that some bullets were removed from some of the pregnant mothers bodies who were shot during the crisis and they had to undergo some operations to stitch them.THE WOMEN eudaimonia Feeding and ClothingLack of nutritious food in the camps is imputable to their population, although some Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and United Nations (UN) have visited some camp grounds to upraise the supply and distribution of food stuffs and clothing. Different groups have surfaced to donate generously for the refugees. Other repulsive experiences includeSnake bites in the bush while attempting to escapeHigh rate of widowhoodLoss of childrenP remature births due to fear and pressureMothers abandoning newly born babies due to lack of funds and unfitness to surviveForced marriagesThis picture shows some illustrations of the impact of the conflict on women in Wase, Yelwa-shendam and Langtang south local government in Jos.In an interview, Vonnan Dashe, electric chair of the Gani community development association, on 5th November 2004 mentioned that, Women were subjected to violence and hardship because they had to dumbfound about the fate of their children. Some of their children actually got killed and others were wounded while others were attack by the attackers. They were not only physically harassed but also sexually abused and degraded. It was also gathered from our research team that apart from the fact that women were raped, they were also divorced by their husbands, which facilitated a worse emotional stressful and painful condition. The resort to divorce by men whose wives had been sexually abused was a means of dealing with the humiliation acquired from the conflict.EQUAL RIGHTS evening though women were affected greatly by the conflict in obviously negative way, they have been unable to set up networks and support groups to promote their empowerment in the aftermath of the conflict. This includes the ability to participate in authorities and decision making forum. Most of their voices are heard through the voices of men or proxy groups. Women make an important but often unrecognized contribution as peace educators both in families and in their societies.In addressing armed or sectarian conflicts, an active and visible policy of mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programs should be promoted so that before decisions are taken an analysis is made of the effects on women and men respectively. work should be taken to promote equal participation and opportunities for women in government both at the Federal, State and Local Government levels.There were hundreds of women mostly dressed in black that took to the streets of Nigerias capital city of Abuja and also the central city of Jos in rallies against the Jos massacre. They subsequently demanded that the government put the essential infrastructure in place to improve on the protection of women and children.This research journal reveals to a large extent how women are streamlined in the policy making groups, politics and in general, all activities. Yet it has not told the whole story, the impact of conflict on women is too profound to be narrated. Most times, they live with the pain, agony, discomfort and under oppression for the rest of their lives.A lot needs to be done, the bridge that cuts across religious, ethnic and cultural is to have women group work together. However they will need to be empowered through capacity building and enhanced controlled communication before such roles can be played. Women need to be equally represent in organizations so as to be able to contribute adequately in matters and issues that have to do with protection of women and their children during and after such conflicts. lastIt is clear from all the above that women must be involved in matters that has to do with the protection of women and their children. They must prove to the community that they are also relevant and that equality should be practiced when matters that has to do with them comes up especially in politics and decision making.Women should be courageous and exhibit insolent independence in spite of all odds especially where human right issues are involved. Women are meant to bear the image of the community. In political matters, women should not shy away from their right and their voices must also be heard. In all, this must be the new wave. The culture must evolve.

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Drugs

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular DrugsCharacteristics and try factors of Cardiovascular Drugs induced unfavorable Drug answers Hospital based Active Surveillance Study.Abstract ambit ill Drug Reactions (ADRs) is wiz of the major do doses- connect problems in hospitalized patients. Several studies account statement the incidence various from 10 50% of all hospital admissions collect to ADRs and no recent data gettable on the safety of cardiovascular drug from India.Aim This learn aims 1). To predict incidence and characteristics of ADRs out-of-pocket to cardiovascular drugs in patients admitted in cardiology unit of measurement of a tertiary c argon precept hospital. 2) To identify the run a risk factors for ADRs in hospitalized patients treated with cardiovascular drugs.Methods A future active surveillance brush asidevas was carried out in the cardiology department of a south Indian tertiary cargon teaching hospital for octette months. Population aver maturated Poisson regression Generalized Estimating Equation ( universal gravitational constant) stumpers was utilize to estimate the ad preciselyed intercourse risk associated with ADR.Results The overall incidence of cardiovascular drug induced ADRs was 31.8%. A total of 757 patients treated cardiovascular medicinal drugs. Of which 241 patients (31.8%) including 122 (16.1%) females and 119 (15.7%) males account at least(prenominal) superstar ADR. aspirin produced the highest good turn of ADRs (150 38.7%) followed by Heparin (45 11.6%), Atorvastatin (24 6.2%) and Ramipril (24 6.2%). The causality perspicacity reveals that 85.3% of ADRs were probable in nature. GEE was used to estimate the adjusted congener risk of each covariate associated with ADRs. The predictors of ADRs identified were female gender, geezerhood 60 progress, quadruple drug therapy (p= 0.0231) and con circulating(prenominal) sicknesss homogeneous diabetes, drugs like Heparin (RR-2.90, 95% CI 2.22-3.8) and Enalapril (RR-1.95, 95% CI 1.34-2.83).Conclusion The incidence of cardiovascular ADRs was 31.8%. The some common drugs causing ADRs were the anti- platelet and anticoagulant class of drugs. Female gender, age 60 years, ninefold drug therapy, concurrent illness and certain drugs like heparin were identified as potential predictors for obstinate reactions.Keywords ominous drug reactions, hospitalized patients, cardiovascular drugs, pharmacovigilance, Risk factorsKey MessagesThis get reports the risk factors for adverse reactions to cardiovascular drugs from an Indian clinical setting.The incidence of cardiovascular drugs induced ADRs was 31.8%, which is higher(prenominal) than galore(postnominal) report studies.Anti-platelet and anticoagulant drugs were commonly associated with ADRs in the news report population.IntroductionAdverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) is one of the major drug-related problems in hospitalized patients. ADRs are one of the major drug-related problems, resultin g in increased morbidity and mortality and healthcare costs.1-3The WHO defines an ADR as a response to a drug that is noxious and unin passed and occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosing or therapy of disease, or for adjustment of physiological function.4The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has increased in recent years and it has been estimated that CVDs are the near common cause of death.5 Reports on drug related problems including adverse drug reactions associated with cardiovascular pharmac differentapy are available.6-10Studies report that cardiovascular drugs whitethorn account for 10 to 50% of all hospital admissions imputable to ADRs.11-13 on that point are reports of serious adverse drug events with cardiovascular drugs.14Continuous monitoring of ADRs are important in patients treated with cardiovascular drugs since, these patients who need multiple drug therapies to treat their comorbid conditions and other related risks15Various methods are used to retrieve ADRs in hospitalized patients.16 Analyzing the adverse reaction data in relation to the front end of risk factors provide the link between the ADRs and the associated factors. Such analysis exponent help to identify patients who are at increased risk for the adverse reaction and therefore employing suitable monitoring and the preventive procedure is possible.17 Reports are available on the risk factors for adverse reactions.18-20Studies seduce shown that the cardiovascular drugs are around common cause of ADRs.6,21A university hospital-based studies report 49 % ADRs are due to commonly used cardiovascular drugs (nitrates, digoxin, propranolol, heparin, warfarin, anti-hypertensive and anti-arrhythmic drugs)22 A name of studies are available on the adverse effects of cardiovascular drugs. In the Indian context data on adverse effects of the cardiovascular drugs is non available. Therefore, the current study was planned to evaluate ADRs due to cardi ovascular drugs in hospitalized patients. This study aims 1). To estimate incidence and characteristics of ADRs due to cardiovascular drugs in patients admitted in cardiology unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. 2) To identify the risk factors for ADRs in hospitalized patients treated with cardiovascular drugs.Subjects and MethodsA prospective active surveillance study was carried out in the department of cardiology of a tertiary care teaching hospital for eight months (Feb to Sep 2009). The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethical committee. All patients admitted to the cardiovascular units were monitored and evaluated for cardiovascular drugs induced adverse reactions. Patients who were previously treated or newly prescribed with cardiovascular drugs were monitored and followed for espial and recording of ADRs. Adverse drug reactions were identified by conducting a routine patient charts review, patient interview, and consultations with treatin g physicians. In the suspected cases, past medical/medication history of patients were collected. In addition to patients medication history, information on co-morbidities was too collected. We used the WHO criteria for defining ADRs.4 For every identified patient with ADR, two patients without ADRs were enrolled as matched controls.The information pertaining to the suspected ADRs was collected and documented in a curiously designed ADR computerized documentation database for further assessment.23 An ADR alert card was distributed to those patients who experienced disgusting adverse reactions to prevent further re-exposure of the suspected drug. All ADRs were reviewed and assessed by the research team. The documented ADRs were evaluated and characterized respect to patient demographics, nature of the reactions, drugs and organ form compound and outcome of the reactions. Using standard approach, the Causality, severity, preventability and the presences of predisposing factors o f the reactions were assessed and describe.Patients age and sex were considered for the analysis. ADRs were classified as either Type A or Type B harmonize to the system introduced by Rawlins and Thompson.24 The suspected drugs were classified according to Anatomical curative Chemical (ATC) salmagundi based on WHO-ATC Index 2009.25Using WHO Adverse Reaction Terminology documented ADRs were further classified into various organ system classes.26 Management strategies employed for the ADRs were categorized as drug sezession, dose reduction, redundant treatment for ADR and no change in a regimen without either additional treatment. Patient outcomes were report as fatal, fully recovered, recovering and unknown.The causality of suspected ADRs was assessed using Naranjos ADR probability scale and classified into certain, probable, possible and unlikely to be drug induced depending upon the level of association.27 The preventability of ADRs was analyzed and categorized into distin ctly preventable, probably preventable and not preventable using the modified criteria of Schumock and Thornton by Lau et al.28Using the criterion give wayed by Hartwig et al., for severity assessment, we assessed the suspected ADRs and classified into mild, reticent and severe reactions.29 The onset of ADRs was assessed and classified into sub-acute, latent and acute groups.4Predisposing/risk factors some patient-related factors predispose the occurrence of ADRs. The patient related factors like age, gender, multiple and inter-current disease states, and polypharmacy are considered as significant risk factor for developing ADR.30 Patients age was categorized into 6 groups (less than 20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, much than 60 years). Polypharmacy was categorized as minor (2-3 drugs), moderate (4-5 drugs) or major (5 drugs) based on the classification by Veehof et al.31 Gender of the patient was also considered as a one of the predispose factor for the development of ADRs. Multiple disease state ( 2 coded diseases) of the patient at the time of reaction also include in the analysis. The overall incidence of ADRs was calculated using the total number of in-patient episodes which resulted in ADRs in relation to the total number of in-patients followed during the study period.The length of hospital layover for each patient was collected from Hospital Patient administrative System (HPAS) and used to compare the Length of Stay (LOS) between patients with and without ADRs. additional hospital stay due to ADRs was assessed using the nature and clinical features of ADRs, treatment with treating medical staffs and assessment of patients medical records.Statistical analysisDescriptive statistics was used summarize the patient demographic and clinical characteristics like gender, diagnosis, a number of drug dispensed, the frequency of ADR, drugs involved, organ system involved and severity of ADRs. bastardly with 95% confidence inte rval was used to summarize age and LOS. Chi-square establish was used to find the association between age group, gender, the LOS with and without ADRs. Relative risk was used to measure the strength of association. The data were hierarchically arranged, to count the multiple ADR episodes which can occur with multiple admissions. Population averaged Poisson regression (GEE) was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk of each covariate associated with ADR.32,33 Further compound dimension was used to account for the within-subject correlation. All analysis was performed using SPSS for window 15 (SPSS Inc., South Asia, Bangalore). The significance level was set at PResultsA total of 757 patients (431 men and 326 women) using cardiovascular medications were intensely monitored. The mean age of the study population was 57.21 14.22 years (18 -92 years). The average length of hospital stay was 10.6 5.8 long time. Overall, the incidence of ADRs was 31.84%. Two hundred and fourteen patients including 122 females and 119 males reported at least one ADR. Maximum of six ADRs were reported from one patient. Compared to males, females developed more(prenominal)(prenominal) of ADRs was observed more in females when (p 0.0001). The length of stay was increased due to ADR for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 28 days.The frequency of divers(prenominal) age groups in patients with and without ADRs is presented in table-1. The main diagnosis of the study population is listed in table-1. Age group of less than 20 years is excluded because of cast down sample size. Age group of more than 60 years had more ADRs compared to other age groups. Cardiovascular risk factors of a patient with and without ADR are shown in table-2.The most frequent system-organ class bear on by ADRs was Platelet, bleeding clotting disorders (188, 48.89%), followed by metabolic and nutritional disorders (53, 13.66%) and GI system disorders (50, 12.89%) (Table-3). The most common strategy f or management of ADRs was drug withdrawal (94.3%) and dose alteration (5.4%) (Table-4). The mean length of hospital stay was 13.3 and 6.5 days for patients with and without ADR respectively. The length of stay was name to be longer in patients with ADR.Aspirin produced the highest number of reactions (150 38.7%) followed by heparin (45 11.6%), Atorvastatin (24 6.2%) and Ramipril (24 6.2%) (Table -3) with Platelet, bleeding clotting disorders (188, 48.89%). The most frequently reported reaction was bleeding (186 47.9%) followed by gastric ulcer (52, 13.4%) (Table-3). The causality assessment of ADRs revealed that 85.31% of ADRs were classified as probable, followed by 7.99% as definite and 6.7% as possible. 64.4 % patients recovered from the ADRs and 35.6 % were recovering at the time of discharge (Table-4).The GEE analysis shows that the female, alcoholics, smokers and patients those taking more than 7 drugs had a higher risk for developing an ADR. (Table-2). Statistical analyses also revealed that patient taking Heparin (RR 2.90, 95% CI 2.22-3.80, Enalapril (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.34-2.83), warfarin (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.33-2.54) had a significantly increased probability of developing of ADRs (Table-5).DiscussionADRs can significantly increase patients mortality or morbidity and consequently higher healthcare expenditure.34 The study findings reveal that developing an ADRs in hospitalized patients substantially rear to patients morbidity, further change magnitude the disease burden and cost of managing ADRs. The incidence of ADRs (31.8%) imbed in this study was twice higher than a previously reported systematic review of international studies (15.1%).2 The present study showed that females experienced a higher incidence of ADRs (9.87%) when compared to males (7.23%) which are similar to the findings of previously published studies.1,35-37Several reasons have been put forth for this observed difference. Men and women have a different pharmacodynamic response to v arious drugs which may consider as one of the factors for women to develop more number of ADRs. But in a study reported by Jose., on comparable Indian population male patients were be to have more ADRs than female population.38The incidence of ADRs was higher in the aged(a) patients (31.19% age 60 Years) compare to other age groups. (2= 23.03, df-5, p 0.0001) this finding is similar to the results of Mohebbi et al.19 Studies have shown that the incidence of ADRs may increase with increasing age. Again, due to multiple comorbid conditions and receive multiple drug therapy the elderly patients tend to have a higher risk for developing an ADR. In addition, honest-to-god individuals undergo changes in drug responsiveness and disposition.39 It appears that elderly patients need more attention to prevent the occurrence of ADRs.In this study, the incidence of Aspirin-induced ADRs was 38.7% (n=150) which was the highest rate compared to other cardiovascular drugs in this study. However, High rates of ADRs with streptokinase have been reported previously.40Studies reported a rate of amiodarone-induced ADRs as 16%, whereas in the current study it was too low at 0.5%.41 This might be due to the lower use of amiodarone in the current study subjects. In a study conducted by Wiffen et al., investigating ADRs induced by all groups of drugs, warfarin was among the top three drugs causing ADRs.42 In our study, the rate of ADRs attributed to warfarin was just 3.6%, whereas heparin-induced bleeding was the second highest ADR in this study population (45, 11.6%).In this study, we launch central nervous and gastrointestinal systems are the most frequently moved(p) organ system classes by ADRs. These findings were similar to the findings of a study conducted in Iran.13The incidence of preventable ADRs in this study (6.9%) is comparably lower than those observe in other studies.34This might be probably due to intensive monitoring of CCU patients in our study. The rate of seri ous ADRs (22.2%) detected in this study tend to be higher than other studies.14Population averaged Poisson regression (GEE) model showed that factors like gender and age of more than 60 years, multiple drug therapy and the presence of co-morbidity were risk factors for experiencing ADRs. The average duration of drug usage was found to be longer in patients without ADR. It appears that most of the ADRs have been noted short after initiating cardiovascular drugs and the incidence of ADRs in this study population was not related to the duration of usage. Similar to findings of many other studies, increasing the number of drugs led to increased frequency of ADRs.ConclusionThe finding of this study indicates that cardiovascular drugs cause serious and frequent adverse reactions. The incidence of cardiovascular ADRs was 31.84%. The most common drugs causing ADRs were the anti-platelet and anticoagulant class of drugs. Female gender, age more than 60 years and use of more than 7 drugs was found to be the risk factors for developing ADRs. The identified incidence was higher than many reported studies. The current study identified the common ADRs and their predictors. Patients with identified predictors for adverse drug reactions can be intensively monitored and necessary preventive measures can be initiated if signs of reactions are observed.