Explain Kant’s categorical imperative Essay

Kant is an 18th century German philosopher who wrote the book stand for metaphysics. The book deals with his theory that chasteisticity is a priori synthetic (a priori is a debate that is knowable without reference to any birth and synthetic meat having integrity or falsity can be tested use experience or the senses) and that moral decisions should be taken with a universal joint visible horizon to ones duty to mankind as a whole. He laid out his ideas about the categorical dictatorial in this book. An imperative is a statement of what should be done.The philosopher Hume tell that you cant turn a should statement out of an if statement. This mode that experience can all give us hypothetical imperatives ( non moral commands to the will they are if statements and do not apply to everyone and you only need obey them if you want to obtain a certain goal, for example, if you want to be healthy then you should puzzle out and eat a balanced diet). A categorical imperative is a should statement, but it is not found on experience, and doesnt rely on a particular outcome. According to Kant, categorical imperatives apply to everyone because they are based on an objective a priori legality of causal agency (an objective law is something that is factually true).The categorical imperative is one article of faith with three formulations The ordinary Law, treat existence as ends in themselves and act as if you lively in a acres of Ends. The natural law is to act consort to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should sire a universal law and what it says is that everyone should generalize their maxims without contradiction for an imperative to be categorical or deontological it must consist of rulers that can be apply in any situation.This basically means that before you do something you should adopt yourself if you would like everyone in the same situation. If not, then you are involved in a contradiction and what you are th inking of doing is wrong because it is against reason. Kant uses the example of a suicidal man as an example A man feels dingy of living and wants to commit suicide. His maxim is that from self-love I want to repress my life if its continuance threatens more evil than it promises pleasure. He asks himself whether he would universalise this law, his answer is no because it is manhood duty to stimulate the furtherance of life and to destroy life would contradict itself and therefore is entirely opposed to the absolute principle of duty.The second principle is to treat piece as ends in themselves so act as to treat humanity, whether in your own soulfulness or in that of any other, never solely as a means but always as an end. Kant argues that all humans are searching for the summam bonum (a state in which human virtue and ecstasy are united).Kant believes that we all give birth an immortal soul and because of this immortal soul, humans deserve special treatment and that we sho uld seek happiness as spacious as this happiness does not infringe on other humans ability to seek happiness and this means that we should not exploit others or treat them as things to achieve an end, as they are as noetic as we are. To treat another mortal as a means is to deny that person the right to be rational and independent strain of their actions. It is to make oneself in some way superior and contrasting. An example could be having a sexual relationship with someone if you have only have sex with someone because you want something from them and not because you love them.The final principle is to act as if you live in a Kingdom of Ends Kant said act as a legislating member in the universal Kingdom of Ends. This means that everyone should act as every other person were an end a free, independent agent. Kant believed that each person is independent and moral judgements should not be based on any empirical affection about human nature, human flourishing or human destiny . What this means is that every individual has the ability to understand the principles of pure practical reason and follow them.Pure practical reason must be aboveboard and so its principles must apply equally to everyone. An example of this is if youre move to decide if it would be justified to kill someone who was toilsome your family using Kantian principles you should not kill them. Acting according to the third principle (and taking the first and second into account) murder can obviously not be universalised or humanity would be wiped out, and killing the man threatening your family is treating him as a means (to saving your family) rather than an end a human seeking summum bonum.In conclusion, there are three different formulations for Kants categorical imperative The Universal Law, treat humans as ends in themselves and act as if you live in a Kingdom of Ends. Together these three formulations seek to deed over humans to make moral decisions which do not infringe the h appiness of others but also allow us to progress to perfection.

Decision to breastfeed is a very personal Essay

mamillafeeding topic ever elicits strong opinions from family and friends. What matters is the infant getting proper sustenance for his optimal increment and development. The American college of Obstetricians and Gynecologist and American Academy of Pediatrics, to great emphasis on importance of rapperfeeding. Every infant and contract is unique and has different challenges. Breast take out provides complete nutrition for infants. It has the perfect combination of protein, vitamins, fats and everything infants needs for its harvest-tide and development.Breast milk similarly contains antibodies that help infants fight off bacterium and viruses. Risk of having allergies and asthma are greatly reduced with breastfeeding. Infants who are just breastfed for the first cardinal months, with proscribed any formula tend to have fewer respiratory illnesses, ear infection and bouts of diarrhea. These infants also have fewer trips to the reinstate and hospitalizations. Breastfeeding also results in higher IQ scores in nearly studies. The physical touch, c abideness, skin-to-skin touch and eye contact, helps infants to bond with the arrest and feel secure.Breastfeeding also linked to health weight gain in infants and fight puerility obesity. As per American Academy of Pediatrics, sudden infant death syndrome, risk of diabetes, obesity and certain cancers can be prevented by breastfeeding. Educating the new mother regarding breastfeeding is imperative, to make sure proper nutriment of the infant. Breastfeeding education starts with conclusion out the mothers current knowledge and perception towards breastfeeding. Once finding out the mother perception and knowledge about breastfeeding.After educating the mother regarding benefits of breast feeding to infants. Nurses should first have to address the most familiar concerns of new mothers like * Weight gain Breastfeeding burns extra calories and helps lose pregnancy weight faster. It releases the hormone oxyt ocin, which helps return uterus to its original size and reduces uterine bleeding. * Expenses Breastfeeding can help save money by not needing to buy formula, rubber nipples and other formula related things. * Sore nipples It is median(prenominal) to have sore nipples.Make sure baby latches on aright and use one finger to break the suction of your babys mouth by and by each feeding. Holding ice or stock-still bags of peas against sore nipples can also help ease discomfort. * Not producing lavish milk A general rule of thumb is infants wetting six to eight diapers a day is getting enough milk. Breast size does not have to do anything with milk production. Plenty of sleep, good nutrition and proper hydration helps body to produce more milk * Storing and pumping milk draw can be expressed by hand or wield with a breast pump.Breast milk can be safely can be used with 2 days if stored in refrigerator. rigid breast milk can be stored for 3 months. Thaw nipping milk in warm water or refrigerator. Do not use microwave oven to heat breast milk. * Breast engorgement Breast engorgement is healthy and natural. It happens when breast become full of milk, it could also mean blood vessels in breast have become congested, difference between two is, in normal breast stays soft and pliable. * Mastitis Is an infection of the breast caused by bacteria which enters the breast through a cracked nipple after breastfeeding.Antibiotics are usually needed to clear up a breast infection. Call the doctor if flu-like symptoms, fever and fatigue are noticed. * Stress tonus overwhelmed during breastfeeding is normal. Being overly stressed or anxious can throw in with your let down reflex, thats body natural release of milk into milk ducts. Staying as calm and relaxed as possible before and during nurse can help milk let down and flow more easily, that in turns helps infant to be calm and relaxed and increases emotional bonding.

Life of Prophet Mohammad Essay

This composition will dispute the life of vaticinator Mohamed which will span from his give to his calling and accusation. The kind of persecution he go about from the term of his ordination or divine revelation to his cartridge holder of manifestation when he conquered Mecca (makkah), his character in ethical motive and his teachings. What influence he had in the growth of Islam as a religion. fundament Prophet Mohammad was innate(p) in 570 CE in a throw in cognise as Mecca (makkah). His fathers progress to was Abdullah who died in a place known as Medinah weeks in front Mohammad was born.His m different also died when he was sixer categorys old trance travelling from Medinah in a place called Abwa. This hale Mohammad to be raised by his paternal grand father whose hit was Abd al Muttalib for a utmost of around devil years, after which his granddaddy died. By this time he was old progressd eight years old, his uncle Abu Talib took feel for of him hence forth. His grandfathers mother (his great grand mother) who went by the name of Salma was a native of Medinah, she raised and brought up the grand father to Mohammad in Medinah before his uncle Muttalib decided to bring him to Mecca.The uncle to his grandfather had for years established himself as an Arab draw in Mekkah hence the need to groom Mohammad grandfather as a successor. He was a leader of the Arab sight and had the role of taking treat of the sanctum sanctuary kabah, Mecca was a metropolis that joined other wide-ranging trading countries like Syria, Yemen and Egypt. Thus Mohammad can be said to get it on from an established family of leaders and carers. His lineage though can be traced from the descendants of prophet Ismail through his boy second Kedar.(Armstrong 1992). Adult Life below the guide of his uncle Abu Talib, Mohammad became a trader and earned his living from business activities by the time he was twelve years old he had started cruising the eastern United St ates for merchandiser caravan trips with his uncle, Mohammad acquired a right(a) report known of his good character and trust worthiness in his business. (Ali 1997). Through his good reputation he was adequate to(p) to get the at disco biscuittion of a rich merchant widow by the name of Khadijah, who contracted him to transport her consignment to Syria.At the age of xx five Mohammad got married to Khadijah, khadijah was older by 15 years and had been widowed twice. Through their marriage they were able to get six children, four daughters and devil boys. Unfortunately his son Qasim died at the age of two years his nick name was Abul Qasim whose meaning is the father of Qasim, his second son died in infancy he was named Abdullah his nick name was Tayyab this was because he was born after Mohammads prophet hood. His four daughters were named as Zainab, Raqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah.By the time Mohammad received his revelation of becoming a prophet the holy shrines at kabah the holy sanctuary was filled with a hundred and sixty idols, the come through-ditch message from prophet Ibrahim was corrupt and lost this was d one through beliefs in superstations and traditions of pilgrims from distant lands. Although this did non affect ardent pursual of prophet Ibrahims and Ismails teaching whom through each generation they segregated themselves in the hills in pursuance of their true religion.(Ali 1997). The Revelation Mohammad was one of them and at the age of forty during his some retreats to segregated place of worship at sight Hira during the Ramadan period he received his first revelation from nonesuch Jibril (Gabriel). He was instructed to scan by the nonsuch only when since he had no lump education background he replied and said he couldnt read this prompted angel Jibril to embrace him and after releasing him Mohammad still couldnt read.This branch of embracing was repeated thrice after which the angel commanded him through every(prenomina l)ahs might to recite through the name of the noble who created man from that which clings, the lord who taught man what he knew not. After this experience Mohammad was petrified and fled from the mountains. When he reached home he asked his married woman to cover him from the world using a blanket, this was due to fear. correspond to the Quran this revelations started in the year 610 CE they are found in Surah in the first five verses. (Armstrong 1992).After awhile Mohammad became abated and was able to discuss his cause of being frightened to his wife Khadijah, she counseled him by telling him not to be afraid because he was a kind man to his relatives, orphans, he was truthful, thus Allah would not discontinue him, and he would stand by him. His wife khadijah, whence sought the wisdom of her cousin Waraqa who was old and wise having capability to translate the holy scriptures and revelations. Waraqa confirmed that Mohammad was the expected prophet as agree to the scriptur es and he ascertained that the angel who had visited Mohammad was the same one who had visited Moses that is angel Jibril.Khadijah his wife was the first person to accept Islam thus she became the supporting pillar to Mohammad his economise and prophet, this she did earnestly especially during the three year period that the prophets clan of ethnical Quarish boycotted the religion. Unfortunately khadijah died at an advanced age of sixty five during the period of Ramadan soon after the boycott was lifted in the year 620 CE. (Ali 1997). ideal Jibril continued to visit Mohamed revealing the will of Allah this was done through signs which are referred as verses.These revelations came inform of verses at propagation as chapters and at times they came as nonbelievers questioned him on his beliefs. These revelations were consequently save on available materials the believers were then asked to recite and memorize the teachings. The recording and arrangement of verses took a period of twenty three years. Although the holy book is not recorded in the speech communication of the prophet since they come from the first persona who is Allah. Angel Gabriel guided him and taught him strategies on how to go rough the completion of the prophetic mission.Prophets Mohammad own sentiments are recorded separately in a collection known as the Hadith. His heraldic bearing His main mission as a prophet was that of restoration, of worship of one true God Allah, who is the creator and sustainer of the universe, he mandated his teachings to be lengthening of other prophets such as Moses, he was also delegated the responsibility of ensuring the gracious race work outd good ethics, morals, legal and social conduct tally to gods will. Other ardent followers to his teachings were his cousins Ali, his servant Zayd Ibn Harinth his friend Abu Bakr and his wife and daughters.They accept Islam by testifying tat there is no deity except Allah and Muhammad is the courier of Allah. (A rmstrong 1992). In the first three years of his mission he was able to convert forty people into professing Islam this was no easy caper as he was being tortured by the Quarish people in mekkah, his uncle Abu Lahab and his wife were among those people who resisted him and many Quarish leaders advised his uncle to stop his nephew from his mission by offering him kingship nevertheless Mohammad was not perturbed.This made the Quarish to start persecuting Islamics by beating and torturing them, this was done through boycotts targeting their businesses those who were either weak or poor were tortured publically with no mercy. The prophet was publically denounced and busted this was done through at times being hauled with filth while he was praying in the streets. All that kept the Muslims and the prophet vigilant was labor which they practiced without the thought of retaliation to their persecutors. though this persecution persisted and all that Mohammad could do is advice the Musli ms to run away to Abyssinia modern day Ethiopia in Africa.The Quarish didnt take this move really nicely thus they persuade them to Ethiopia but the host gave the Muslims a preservative arm after realizing that they prophesized on Jesus and Mary him being a Christian he embraced them. After the closing of khadijah Mohamed then married two other wives Sawdeh who was a widow and Aisha the daughter of his friend Abu Bakr. They lived in Medinah. In 622 CE the Quarish leaders developed a ploy to kill the prophet, but their plan was foiled by angel Jibril visiting prophet Mohamed and instructed him to leave mekkah immediately, Abu Bakr accompanied him during this escapade.They went south of mekkah to the caves he later sought refuge in Quba on the suburbs of Medinah. His head was offered at the price of hundred camels dead or alive by the Quarish leaders. Though all was not well because they fought many wars with non-believers at Medinah, during this wars many women became widows thus the prophet opted to marry several other women in his sixtieth and seventieth year of his life. After this a revelation was made on the number of wives one was to marry, this was defined though he didnt divorce any of his wives being that all of them were either widows or divorcees accept Aisha.During the year 629 CE Mohammad went to pilgrimage in mekkah though he faced some difficulties with the Quarish leaders, they later agreed through an agreement, this was violated erst more by the same Quarish leaders who attacked allies of the prophet this prompted the prophet to help. (Armstrong 1992). regress to Mecca Prophet Mohammed marched gloriously into mekkah with an army of three thousand Muslims plus ten thousand others that joined him on the way they conquered the holy city and lived there.All the idols at kabah were destroyed and once again it was cleansed from ungodliness brought by foreigners. Though the Mekkans expected that they would face wrath from the prophet, but he par doned them. The whole of Arabia then accepted Islam, soon after his wife Mariah bore him a son and he was named Ibrahim he died after ten months. Thus his children on universe came to be numbered seven in total. His death brought an eclipse of the sun and the prophet symbolized this by saying that the sun and the moon are signs of God. Last daysThe last pilgrimage performed by the prophet was done in 632 CE its during this pilgrimage that, he received his last revelation from angel Jibril. After two months the prophet died on a Monday June the eighth, in the year 632CE, he was buried at the same place where he died, in Medina. (Armstrong 1992). Conclusion Prophet Mohamed lived a simple and fulfilled life, his worldly bullheadedness included mats, blankets, jugs and other simple possessions. He spent most of his time praying and in meditation, his family used to fore go meals they relayed on dried starting line and dates with water.He left nothing to be inherited except a white m ule, a piece of land and a few ammunitions. His last words were that the communities of prophets are not to be inherited but whatsoever they live behind should be used for charity. Leadership is all about becoming a servant first Mohammad was a servant to his people he was persecuted and tortured for religion sake. He practiced Patience and seeked no retaliation only waiting on Allah to act his generosity to the upset is beyond reproach this is seen at the way he extends his kindness to widows and orphans.At the end of his mission as a prophet he was invest with followers who are all over the world despite the archaeozoic persecutions he had first as he was ordained. All his persecutors then motion unto his rule and followed his teachings. All who follow his teachings are called the Muslims and are said to practice Islam they worship at the mosque while they read and practice the Holy Scriptures from the holy book called the Quran. All Muslims try to emulate his teachings his w ay of life when it comes to candor and trust worthiness not to mention his kindness.Up to this date the Muslim fraternity make the honor of going to Mecca at least once in a lifetime they regard it as the holy city were they receive blessings and pardon. Though his life was marred with tribulations he succeeded in doing Gods will, that is expectant his people a continuation with their religion that was destroyed by foreigners who had idolatrized it. thickset of Prophet Mohammads life Prophet Mohammad was an orphan who was raised by his paternal uncle. He grew to become a merchant in the trade caravans in the great Syria, Yemen and Mecca.He married at the age of twenty five to a rich merchant widow by the name of khadijah. They had two sons who died when still young and four daughters who survived to adult hood. At the age of forty he was visited by angel Jibril, though in query he finally accepted the ordination of prophet hood. He faced numerous persecutions as he went through his missions to the extent of sending his followers to Ethiopia. His own family members (his uncle and aunt) disowned him. He wrote the Quran through revelations made to him by angel Jibril. Later on he conquered the Quarish leadership and ruled Mecca.Before his death he bore another son by the name of Ibrahim though he died after ten months. Prophet Mohamed married three wives, but because of the afflictions that widows went through after wars he extended his kindness and married them. He was a kind man, trustworthy, and simple (humble). References Armstrong K. (1992). Muhammad A Biography of the Prophet. Harper collins Publishers Ali M. M. (1997). The Biography of the Prophet and the Orientalists. King Fahd Complex Brown . D. (2003) A upstart Introduction to Islam. Blackwell Publishing

Reflection on a business education course

Contemplation harmonizing to Walker E. S ( 2006 ) P 216 has been defined as a surgical process sing believing more than or less and researching an issue of concern, which is triggered by an bring out . This merely means that for there to be a observation, there has to be an determine, irrespective of it being positive or negative. Leaver- Dunn et Al were anyway noted in Walker E. S ( 2006 ) p 216 that expression has the ability to separate between the expert practicians and their equals.To get slew with and looking look s income tax return to the reservoir of this peculiar class it is arouse to refer that being an international savant from Nigeria and analyzing Marketing Communications in the University of Bedfordshire was an experience neer to be forgotdecade, Is hold in been through assorted signifiers of transmutation, since the posing started in September 21st,2009.Transformation theory, that was ab initio developed by poop Mezirow, identifies a procedure o f alteration that begins with an experience wiz rouse non merge into the mental matrix built from anterior life experience, and which norm altogethery includes the under(a)menti whizd constituents a disorientating quandary, self scrutiny, a censorious appraisal of expound, the acknowledgment that another(prenominal)s form g maven through similar procedures, the geographic expedition of options for organizing new bunks, relationships or actions, the preparation of a course of action and reintegration into the experience with new, transformed places . Fuguan sunburn ( 2009 )Talking almost transmutation, i man-to-manally come from a conjure up that the educational system is wholly different from that of Europe, peculiarly the United Kingdom. I was able-bodied to come to undercoats with the fact that at that place existed a enlighten calendar that will be purely followed and iodine saw myself in an organized scene. At startle I had line of businesss coming to fo otings with being the l cardinal(prenominal) Nigerian miss in my category until subsequently when I was coupled by another chap from my place demesne, this gave me a cytologic smear of self-assertion as to confronting the ambitious class.In the spoken language of Aileen C. and Elown(prenominal)e E, ( 2004 ) they wrote that exhaustively reflecting on drill is in truth a cardinal characteristic of effectual attainment, they went on to take aim contemplation as concentrating on the immediate, thereby showing the inside informations of a job or labor. As an person I agree with the deal to reflect or instead concentrate on the immediate, this will definitely assist to do corrections for the hereafter and non do the selfsame(prenominal) errors already do if at all there was any.Further in the dustup of Horton-Deutsch. S and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008, p 947 ) contemplation involves believing intimately experience, which leads scholars to a overfull apprehension of what they k now and increases their thinkable for leading . Besides true in my position is the press outment of Horton-Deutsch, who wrote that it is of import to reflect or recall back on the experience, which will in bend improve the person s comprehension intimately a peculiar state of affairs or increase the possible for greater highs.In most instances it is believed that the experience for analyzing afield has great potency for transforming international pupil. I must state wizard went through roughly phases of transmutation such as meeting alteration, prosecuting in contemplation, reconfiguring perceptual experiences and re-acclimating to the state of affairs. Fuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Worthy of note is the imply that end-to-end my slew in my place state, there has neer been an chance for me to reflect, this do it instead impossible for me to hold a re-think on my errors, and there was in like manner no chance to do corrections.5.2 WHAT DOES REFLECTION MEAN?Cunliffe, ( 2004, p. 414 ) defines contemplation as the agencies or procedure through which an experience in the signifier of idea, feeling, or action, is examined to analyse its implication while it is go oning or later . Kember et al. , ( 2000 ) , wrote that contemplation does booth for a point on a science continuum which is so characterised by wont at one terminal and little contemplation at the other. To Schon ( 1983 ) contemplation is referred to as the ability to rethink one s anterior ideas and action in circumstance, 2 to come up exposit every bit ripely as to do signifi roll in the hayce.Contemplation, as write in Klenowski V and Lunt I ( 2008 ) is largely specifying with respects to conceptual constituents and divinatory positions. Horton-Deutsch S and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008 ) expl ained that considerateness is about larning from experience, a unfavourable facet of cognition development and a skill indispensable to leading development . They both went on to reason on the footin g that contemplation goes far beyond ordinary empirical knowing, exactly it anyways combines personal and ethical slipway of cognizing. Korthagen F and Vasalos A ( 2005 ) wrote that the indispensable importance of contemplation is to larn from experiences.Woerkom M ( 2010 ) referred to reflection in Deweyan s position as implemental acquisition he went farther to observe that it is the appraisal of premises tacit in beliefs about how to movement out jobs. In this peculiar definition, contemplation therefore besides includes an component of unfavorable judgment only if refers more to instrumental thought, which is concerned with how to work out a job. In contrast, Mezirow defines critical contemplation as turn toing the inquiry of the justification for the very premises on which jobs are pose or defined in the first topographic point and scrutiny of their stems and effects.Critical contemplation roll in the hay non go an built-in component in the immediate action procedu re exclusively requires a suspension in which to reevaluate one s significance positions and, if necessary, to transform them. Critical self-reflection refers to the most of import acquisition experience. It means reevaluating the mood we have posed jobs, our ain significance positions, every bit keen as reevaluating our ain orientation to perceiving, cognizing, believing, feeling, and moving.Some of the bookmans perceive contemplation, as critical contemplation or critical thought. It is hence ofttimes non clear what the remainder is, or even if there exist a difference, between these footings. Dewey, who is perceived as the laminitis of the construct of contemplation, slightly times uses the footings brooding thought and critical thought interchangeably. Scott. G.S ( 2010 )5.3 RECOLLECTIONAND PROCESS OF REFLECTION OF REFLECTIONThe theoretical model for contemplation harmonizing to Korthagen F and Vasalos A ( 2005, p48 ) is referred to as ALACT theoretical account. This theoretical account is said to cuss on the premise that by nature people reflect on their experiences . The theoretical account besides describes a structured brooding procedure, but on the other manus, the theoretical account did non take note about the content of contemplation. On the other manus Scott. G S ( 2010 ) p 434 argued that the benefit of contemplation has got extended theoretical support in publications, though Scott s definition of contemplation is non without its ain statement.He went on to spell that the critical theoreticians contemplation is considered to necessitate the surfacing of premises relative to state of affairss and surrounded steadfastly power dealingss, control and the transmutation of belief and value . Reflection was interchangeably employ by committee theoreticians as personal, psychological alteration instead than societal alteration Scott. G.S ( 2010 ) P 434The function of pupil contemplation is an in incorporate acquisition procedure, and contemplation has three phases a recapitulation of experience, analysis, and re-evaluation ( Peltier, & A Drago, 2004 Peltier et al. , 2005 ) . The initial phase of this procedure is the reappraisal of experience and presupposes consciousness. That is, it presupposes that the experience in inquiry has been brought into consciousness. The term reflection is often use really slackly and this can easy befog the develop and ambitious nature of such acquisition.Reynolds ( 1999 ) distinguishes between critical contemplation an attack in which both experience and its societal and political contexts are examined, contemplation which focuses on the person and gives small attending to societal or political procedures, and critical thought, a term which he argues is usually apply to mean a disciplined attack to job work outing ( Reynolds, 1999, p. 173 ) . He went on to claim that in the focussing literature critical contemplation is being used in the weaker sense to depict thoug htful analysis or job work outing ( Reynolds, 1999, p. 177 ) .With respect to contemplation and acquisition, Argyris and Schon distinguish between idiosyncratic cringle and dual cringle acquisition. For the exercising of individual cringle larning it is possible by observing and reflecting on our ain actions, to do a commentary of the silent knowing implicit in them ( Schon, 1987, p. 25 ) .This enables us to break apart and measure such cognition. However, dual cringle larning involves non merely reflecting on one s actions, but besides researching the premises and theories-in practice session which are implant in those actions. Walsh ( 2009 )5.4 PERSONAL FEELINGS AND eruditeness FROM THE EXPERIENCEThe uncomfortableness that was felt at the beginning of the dissertation was overpowering. It all started the first two dozen hours that we were told to fix for the first thesis presentation, as I confront the fright I still was able to garner cognition. I wondered in the beginnin g if I could get by with the work in front of me, but with the encouragement of wise mans i was able to confront it and transport on.Brooding thought is to be used to heighten determination carry throughments, cultural sensitiveness, and teamwork, non merely express feelings or point in a diary what occurred, McInnis-Bowers et Al. ( 2010 ) In the haggling of Scott S G ( 2010 ) contemplation, is referred to as the procedure of rethinking one s anterior ideas and actions in context to come up premises and do significance. Contemplation represents one point on a acquisition continuum that is characterized by wont at one pole and critical contemplation at the other . During the class of my survey peculiarly during the period I was composing up my thesis, the experience I had has thought me to believe in myself and halt thought I can non bedevil it. It has thought me to ever confront my pioneers with any(prenominal) challenges that come with it. From this experience I have realise d that there is no two slipway about wining except through difficult work and there is a stating that goes therefore Proper, Preparation, Prevents, Poor, Performance 5P s.The first feedback I had with my classify members for the advancement in the Trident run which pronounced the boot off for the utmost thesis. It did non look a good start to me, because my group had a batch of things to work on and it was obvious non every group member was willing to work. Although the feeling did non function as a drawback it merely meant Is had to work harder. On that twenty-four hours we were aware on the three critical facets of the thesis which included the run program and study, literature reappraisal and eventually the contemplation.Before we tended to(p) the second feedback, myself and the other three group members met on three occasions where we delegated work to all(prenominal) member on the undertaking in front, most of the cut it was two of the four members that was active, and o n several cases i personally encouraged them to designate in more attempt so we all can accomplish advantage at the terminal of the dapple of work. The 2nd feedback which was on the ten percent of March, was attended by two supervisors and once more I was non happy with myself as no thorough research was do, my input was non good plenty and when we were asked what our run scheme meant, none of my group members could react, this became a spot cheerless.Looking frontward to a 60 unit faculty I felt truly forsakee a little, but so it became a challenge. The job that was posed was the inability to set literature together to endorse our statements up but at the latter phase things got better.Again in the beginning it looked similar we had trouble construing the brief, as we came up with several propositions, aims and scheme which seemed non to do sense, for this principle the undertaking became more competitory as the other two groups had the same subject and it seemed my group w as non doing a head manner.5.5 GROUP DYNAMICS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCEWithin my group I happened to be the lone female amongst three cats and i thought this ground will do them more active than one am but the contrary was the instance, this was the ground why in the beginning I had assorted feelings about working at heart a group, as it seemed everyone had a degree of understanding and this means it takes a superb one to be able to accomplish success. I had no pick at that point as we had a small group of 12 in the full selling communications, Masterss grade category, which made it truly obvious to be able to separate between the brilliant and dull pupils. Several times i was non happy with the groups i fall into, but with finding to stand out I normally face it, and i neer regretted my determinations as I neer failed a group work.Harmonizing to Moon ( 2004, p. 136 ) when sing the university position on experiential acquisition and contemplation, it becomes evident, that the fact that all instruction comes about through experience does non intend that all experiences are truly or every bit educative he besides argued that a speciality needs to be made between what she footings informal contemplation and academician contemplation the latter being a formal procedure . Walsh ( 2009 )At a point during the group meetings i became so unhappy and one told other group members i was no longer interested in the work though this was non a true statement from my bosom, I was presumable excessively disquieted, but with clip I was able to quiet myself down and get by even though things did non work out as plannedOn several occasions at that place existed mistaking and I personally found out that there was demand for these misinterpretation as it helps in travel frontward most of the clip. Again more at times a member indoors the group was used to stating he works better under force per unit battlefield and this did non travel good with me as Is do non work good under force per unit area, alternatively i do the opposite significance I program my clip and i appreciate clip direction and non fire brigade attack in transporting out my undertaking. Many times after a misinterpretation at that place exist negotiation and apologies will be made by the necessary group members and so the undertaking continues, interestingly we tend to accomplish more at this clip. some other point worthy to observe at this clip is that working within a group gives a cognition about the office surroundings, where one will be working with other members of staff and if a undertaking is to be carried out, there will be no chance to take who to and who non to work with. Each clip one think of this I am encouraged to get by within any group I find myself and seek to corporate and have a good squad spirit.Contemplation so, in the words of Scott G S ( 2010 ) P 432 is the procedure or agencies by which an experience, in the signifier of idea, feeling, or actio n, is examined to condense its significance while it is go oning or later. Contemplation is fodder for self-regulation in an environment where what we define as utile and effectual behavior alterations continuously. With mention to the words of Scott ( 2010 ) I had different reactions to every state of affairs that I was faced with, ever believing back that I had a grade in a different educational scene and now a Masterss in Europe.At that point it was obvious something was non right as the first and 2nd feedback did non give a positive consequence, but something one held on to was the words given by the supervisors, which i pondered on, one went on to direct my piece of work to the coachs over the cyberspace, once more small betterment was made, it all became distressing but one neer give up.What happened following? I suggested we needed to run into a coach and get down afresh, interesting, we approached him and he was happy to take us aright, every group member attended this meeti ng and things began to alter. From the proposition, mark reference, scheme and really many utile advices was given. near significantly we were told to include some theories of acquisition and contemplation to buttress some points, this period was a good precious one as it marked the beginning of a bend around.My function within the group was a really critical one as the other members do lay down me to cognize what the following measure was, I was ever be called upon to intermit the undertaking and explicate what we did so far including the hereafter program. I en experienceed qualification this as I have ever seen myself as a magnetized leader, of class a leader by illustration.5.6 LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE PROJECTSWhen one negotiations of success narrative, that does non literarily intend the consequences for the thesis is out already but the fulfillment and the joy that comes to mind cognizing fundamentally that the group work and the single portion was done and submitted in du e clip is worthy of note. Soon after the fall down vacation started two of the four group members did go to their place state go forthing merely two people to cover with the work. Sincerely things went speechless but at each clip a meeting was consistent and there was advancement at every meeting coupled with misinterpretations.On the eighth of June, we had a concluding group presentation with feedback, which marked the concluding twenty-four hours of the class, to our greatest surprise the proposition we have changed clip and clip once more, mark audience cleavage and the tag line began to pass on, it became obvious that the group was on path even though the alert presentation got lost in a missing flash thrust. The group was advised to make more research and understand the mark audience and what needs to be done to pass on the trade severalize ( Trident masticating gum ) is the scheme and execution. Throughout this same month and July communicating keep on-line as it became a spot hard to run into in the university since the library closed earlier than usual. Each portion of the run was dealt with stringently and the power point slides were put together so the study followed afterwards.Scott G. S ( 2010 ) p 433 was before quoted in the study where he noted that toilette Dewey is considered a cardinal conceiver of believing about contemplation. Dewey argued in his ain words that reflective persons have certain features, which includes open-mindedness, which illustrates the will power within an person to accept rational duty for one s ain positions, heartiness this merely means, a willingness to face frights and uncertainnesss, and eventually enthusiasm.Contemplation is concerned with patterns and actions, particularly professional pattern in Fieldss such as groom instruction ( Allen, 1992 Beyer, 1989 Collier, 1999 ) , nursing ( Burns & A Bulman, 2000 ) , societal work ( Fook, 1996 ) , and direction communities of pattern ( Welsh & A Dehler, 20 04 ) . Reflection besides generates enquiry and a hunt for significance it provides the possible to see things in a manner they have non been understood earlier. More merely, brooding pattern contributes to larning.What I have learnt that will be everlastingly utile to me is the ability to dialogue, this a really of import instrument peculiarly in a group work scenario. Again it is good to listen to the leader as two wrongs can neer do a right, it is wholly unjust when squad members abnegate to listen to the leader, and evidently things will non travel good. I have besides learnt that in the hereafter I understand clearly the footing of my undertaking before one kick off with work on it, as this delayed my group from traveling frontward during the presentation, as though we were traveling about within the same circle, before we got our precedences right. The agencies of contemplation is most frequently dialogue through which subjective and nonsubjective experience is processed, qu estioned, and significance is made of it. Reflection through duologue demonstrates pupils larning through their ability to gestate what they have learned, the significance it has for their present and future, and the acknowledgment that they are neither the same individual as they were a few old ages antecedently nor should they anticipate to be a few old ages therefore. Baker, Jensen, and Kolb ( 2002 ) labelled this attack to larning the wrong-side-out attack. Scott G. S ( 2010 ) P 4335.7 DecisionIn reasoning this contemplation study it is interesting to observe that acquisition can be considered as a procedure of debate in which thought, reflecting, sing and action are different facets of the same procedure . It is besides a practical debate with oneself and in coaction with others that really forms the footing of larning. ( Pavlica et al. 1998 145 ) in Corley A and Eades E ( 2004, P 138 )During the reappraisal of literature it was noted harmonizing to Jeffrey D et Al. ( 2000 ) that contemplation is non an wholly new procedure and some authors trace it to the work of Socrates, they went on to depict contemplation as a procedure of withdrawing from or stepping back from an experience and taking clip to advisedly and carefully reexamine it, believe about it and build significance from it, tho contemplation is said to hold a past, present and future component.In this study the author has been able to reflect by and large about the past experience, looking through the beginning of the selling communications skipper s grade foremost feeling, through to the present clip which has to make with the experience while composing up the thesis, it is besides interesting to observe that the author besides discussed briefly of future outlooks and larning from the past experience that can positively impact the hereafter work.Having reflected on my experience from first twenty-four hours of university up until the yearss of my concluding thesis, I will state Is have really enjoyed the full procedure. Meeting friends from other parts of the universe was a good thing to retrieve, with no exclusions of my coachs who were ever at that place, and willing to assist with whatever need we might hold during the class of survey. However one quit e agree with the thought of personal contemplations as it gives the chance to believe back and do damagess as required. This in bend will hold a positive consequence on an person.MentionsMiriam Catterall, Pauline Maclaran, and Lorna Stevens ( 2010 ) Critical Reflection in the Marketing Curriculum ledger of Marketing Education, Vol. 24 none 3, December 2002 184-192Scott. G Susanne ( 2010 ) Enhancing Reflection Skills through Learning PortfoliosAn Empirical Test. daybook of Management Education 34 ( 3 ) 430-457. The Author ( s ) , hypertext agitate protocol //www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.navFuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Tri-fold Transformation An International Adult Student s Contemplations on Online Learning.Wa lker E. S ( 2006 ) . Journal Writing as a Teaching Technique to Promote Reflection Journal of Athletic educate Vol. 41, No 2 p216-221Klenowski Val and Lunt Ingrid ( 2008 ) Enhancing larning at doctorial degree through the usage of contemplation. Taylor & A FrancisWalsh Anita ( 2009 ) Modes of Reflection Is it possible to utilize both single and corporate contemplation to accommodate the three-party cognition involvements in workplace acquisition? European Journal of Education, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2009, Part I _1389 385Aileen Corley and Elaine Eades ( 2004 ) Becoming critically brooding practicians faculty members and pupils contemplations on the issues involved. Pp. 137-144. Human Resource Development International, Taylor and Francis checkHorton-Deutsch Sarah and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008 ) Contemplation an educational scheme to develop emotionally- competent nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 946-954Doyle, Wendy Young, Jeffrey D ( 2000 ) .Managing Development Making the most Experience and Reflection. Fall2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3, p18Marianne new wave Woerkom, ( 2010 ) Advances in growing Human Resouces. The construct of Critical Reflection and Its Deductions for Human Resource Development Advances in Developing Human Resources Vol. 6, No. 2 p 178-192

Iron Crowned Chapter 25

Ow.I squeezed my eyeb exclusively shut as another ripple of nausea rolled through me. Control, control. A few deep breaths later, I opened my eyes and met Dorians glance.Unexpected, he utter in that dry way of his. And unwelcome.I sat at the base of his throne in the bedspread hall, which was packed. It must devour been mealtime, unless no one was paying care to the food. They were all on their feet, staring at the neerthelessing entertainment that had literally dropped into their midst. I peered around, wondering how Id been drawn to this spot and then found it the Slinky Id remaining wing here as my anchor. It had at one time had its own dinky room, but at once sat on a table beside Dorians throne, one he kept small treasures and knickknacks on to amuse him when holding court. Odd placement.There was no time to ponder that, though. I turned to Jasmine who looked as disoriented and charnel as I tangle but didnt seem to have suffered some(prenominal) permanent dama ge. Her body and soul were intact, which was what counted. I looked back at Dorian and tried to stand up, but my legs gave way beneath me. I started to hand and clutched his robe instinctively. Jasmine, with surprising speed, go in to catch my arm and squiffy me.Hospitality, I gasped kayoed. Please.Dorians unwelcome comment had been a reminder that I beforehand long didnt have hospitality and that I was technically trespassing and fully vulnerable to attack within his walls. Yet, the fact that I hadnt al gain been removed was a good sign, and though his expression more or less remained unchanged, in that respect was a spark of tenuity in his eyes. He couldnt ignore me on my knees, begging him for protection. Not yet. No matter how angry he was at me, this kind of novelty was too irresistible for his nature.He started to speak, undoubtedly work with some witty quip, but was interrupted when Jasmine clutched at him and added her pleas to mine. Please. Give us your protection. HurryDorian frowned, no longer able to hide his curiosity and surprise. The daughters of beset King, begging me for help after one made it quite a clear she didnt ever want to see me again. Do tell me why I shouldnt have you fuddlen out or imprisoned. He paused thoughtfully. Or ransomed back to your own commonwealth. Quite a profit there, I imagine.Dorian I began.Suddenly, there was a commotion at the halls entrance. A cluster of Dorians guards appeared with Kiyo between them. I wasnt surprised hed essayed up so quickly. My adjust would have led him right to me, and while he couldnt jump at one time into Dorians castle, hed probably crossed over right in front of the gates.Sire, express one of the guards. He seeks entrance Kiyo wore that fierce, raging expression, and no one in that room could have any doubt that he was there ready for battle. Dorians guards certainly had picked up on it, and they closed ranks as he strode forward. I had a feeling Kiyo wanted to fight right through them, but reason and self-control held him at bay for now.Meanwhile, at the sight of him, I managed to make my legs work again and scrambled to my feet. Jasmine grasped my hand, helping me rise, and as one, we O.K. up slightly so that we stood in line with Dorian. The world reeled a little, but I refused to show my weakness. I would not faint.Get resign of him, I say, trying not to sound hysterical. Deny him hospitality and throw him out.Shes an outcast here, growled Kiyo, fists clenched. And this has nothing to do with you. Send her away.Tension and silence make full the space between all of us, and all eyes swiveled to Dorian. Neither Kiyo nor I nor Jasmine, for that matter had hospitality and protection within Dorians household at the moment. We had no guarantees of safety. Hell, if Kiyo decided to attack me right now, no one had to intervene. We would be a great dinner show. I wondered how good a defense Jasmine and I could put up, if it would be enough to demote us a get hold to escape to my own land if Dorian wouldnt help us.I could venture Dorians thoughts or rather, his confusion. That Kiyo would be on the verge of killing me made no sense. Asking why would go against Dorians natural, all-knowing faade. Plus, Kiyo and I werent his favorite people right now. Giving in to either of us meant a assignment Dorian didnt want to make.Hail to youAn unexpected, raspy verbalise made me jump, and even Dorian flinched a little. From the crowd, Masthera had emerged, her white h aura streaming behind her and eyes as wide as ever. She came forward with purpose and to my total awe fell onto her knees before me. She stared up at me, and I expected that ha chippingual scattered and crazy look. Instead, I saw awe and rapture. Worship, even.Hail to you, queen of Rowan and Thorn. Hail to you, bringer of tone, bringer of life. I see it I see the life growing within you, the mother who ordain fulfill the prophecyShe reached a skeletal hand toward my stomach, and I jerked away from her grasp. Dont touch me I exclaimed.I see it, she cried. You shine, Queen of Rowan and Thorn. You carry the heir. You shine with it.Dorian exclaimed Kiyo, move our attention back. His expression had grown dark at Mastheras words. Full revealing was the stick out thing he wanted. Give her to me Stay out of thisI again looked pleadingly at Dorian. Hes going to try to kill me, I said. If you throw me out, he and Maiwenn will come after me. Please give us your hospitality.Dorian like most everyone in the hall had been left dumbstruck by Mastheras proclamation. Dorian forcibly schooled his face back to neutrality, but the gaze he turned on me was so heavy and penetrating that I was closely knocked to my knees again.Is it true? he asked in a low voice that probably only Jasmine perceive. Are you pregnant?There was no steer in lying or pretending. I gave a swift nod.His adjacent question nearly broke my heart. He tried so fleshy to keep his voice level and strong, but I heard the agree in it, the longing and desperation. Is it is there any chance is it He couldnt break off but didnt need to. He wanted to know if he was the father. A million thoughts raced through my head. Would things have been different if wed actually had intercourse the last time we were together? Would I have gotten pregnant with his child, instead of Kiyos? peradventure. Maybe not. Sex didnt always lead to pregnancy, especially with the gentry. I could hush have ended up with Kiyos babies or been left with a talk show?Cworthy writing dispute. If Dorian had been the one to get me pregnant, my future would have been sign(a) and sealed. He would have moved heaven and earth to keep me safe. As it was, I probably could have lied now. The gentry had no paternity tests. That would have simplified things but I couldnt do it.No, I said softly.Dorians features stilled, and a surprising wave of regret and sorrow filled me in response to the cav alcade of emotions that had to be going through him as well. He had no reason to help me, not after what he saw as my betrayal. And certainly not with me carrying another mans children.Please, said Jasmine. Her blue-gray eyes were large and desperate. Id never seen her so humble and meek. And Id certainly never expected to see it on my behalf. Please help us. Please give us your hospitality. Your Majesty.My eyes were still locked with Dorians, my heart still breaking over the hurt Id caused him. Off to the side, I heard Kiyo warn Dorian again, This is between Eugenie and me. Give her to me, and this ends. If you dont, Maiwenn and God knows who else will get involved.Im sorry, I said to Dorian, my voice barely audible. Im so sorry.Please, Jasmine repeated, nearly on the verge of tears now. Hospitality.The whole world hinged on Dorian. No one breathed. Then, abruptly, he turned away from me.Granted, he said crisply. The daughters of Storm King are under my protection. Remove the kitsu ne, and do not yield him entrance again.The guards were in motion almost before Dorian end speaking. More had slipped into the room in the last minute or so, and it was a good thing too. Kiyo fought against all of them as they laid hands on him and began dragging him backward. They made little progress, so great were his struggles He was strong, so insanely strong, and it scared me to think what would have happened if Id been left to him in my vitiated state.Dorian roared Kiyo, still fighting against the guards grip. Dont do this Youll regret itDorian had returned to his design laconic persona. You will address me as King Dorian or Your Majesty, he replied. And you will not dis succeed my orders within my home.The floor trembled, and I heard a gasp from those gathered. Uneasily, I remembered an idle comment Dorian had once made, about how he could bring the castle down around us if he wanted to. The walls stayed intact, however, but a large section of the orchestra pit floor ri pped up, eliciting more cries of fear. Before my eyes, the slab of stone morphed and stretched, then flew through the air toward Kiyo. It wrapped itself around his torso, enclosing his arms in a break of magical strait-jacket. Kiyo, unsurprisingly, stopped struggling, but his shouts didnt cease.Eugenie You dont know what youre doing This isnt over EugenieGet him out, said Dorian coldly. Now. If he resists again or changes form, kill him.The guards hurried to obey while Kiyo continued yelling his outrage at me, Dorian, and the world. I hoped they moved fast because Dorian had had a point. If Kiyo transformed into a fox, hed slip out of his stone prison. Of course, hed have to transform into a small fox, which would do little harm, but still. It would be a lot better for all of us once Kiyo was outside the walls.The guards must have succeeded because no more commotion followed. Jasmine turned to Dorian.You should have killed him anyway, she said flatly. Her standard response.The ghos t of a pull a face flickered across Dorians lips, though his eyes were still hard. Youre nearly as scrumptious as your sister, he observed. No matter how displeased I am at the two of you right now, I admit, things will certainly be entertaining with you around. And they will become very entertaining soon. That was directed at me. If you think you brought a war down before, you havent seen anything yet, my dear. Youve caused me quite a bit of trouble.I barely heard him. The adrenaline was fast fading from my body, and all the pain from fighting with Kiyo and then doing the forced transition began returning. I felt sick, and my surroundings were spinning once again.Sorry, I managed to say to Dorian, just before collapsing.

Agreed ways of working Essay

The agreed ways of working are dumbfound of codes by the employer for the social care worker to conduct and inform help users and the habitual ab surface the standards of conduct they cigaret expect and includes legislation, practice standards and employers policies and procedures that should be met. It is the office of social care workers to work within the policy guidelines and following the lay down procedures and ensuring that their conduct does not follow below the standards set out and that no action or omission on their part harms the well-being of swear out users.The importance of having full and up-to-date details of the agreed ways working.It is the requirement of the organisation to adhere to relevant legislation and to form their policies and procedures in respect of new legislation changes .e.g. Equality act 2010 is a plumb new act so necessary that it essential be reflected in the organisations policies and procedures. To ensure the safety and well being of s ervice users, staff and the public.To ensure staff are clear on their duties, roles and responsibilities and can carry out their job in the right way. The needs of service users change, staff members change, staff skills and abilities change so support plans, guidelines and risk assessments must reflect this, to help providing a service that the individual needs, as set out in their care plan are met. To ensure perseveration of care and to prevent misunderstanding and confusion. Its important that all training is relevant and up to date.

Elizabeth Short Case

The ignominious dahlia Judge Eckert Judicial Function Pueblo company College Abstract In the following paper I will be sharing the Elizabeth brusk (Black Dahlia) object lesson that took place in Los Angeles, in 1947. This case was so famous because the case was unsolved, the woman was beautiful, and the murder was so gruesome. On January 15, 1947 her body was install slice in half and her body mutilated. A few days after the murder her killer whale c in alled and said he would be sending her belongings. 0 days after the murder a package was delivered to the Examiner newspaper with Elizabeths belongings inside. The killer move letters to the constabulary and continued to toy with them till he move a final letter declaring he would not reveal his identity. Media from all everywhere the world wanted a piece of this twaddle and the story was headlining for weeks. The story still gets attention from books and movies, besides has slowed down since no separate evidence has bee n found. Even though her killer hasnt been found a case is important no matter what. The Black DahliaOn January 15, 1947, in a Los Angeles vacant lot, the mutilated body of a woman was found by Betty Bersinger and her 3 year old daughter (Elizabeth Short, Page 2). The victim had been sliced in half, beaten, and her intestines had been removed. The killer also slashed 3 inch gashes into the corners of her mouth, dead(a) her body of blood, cut off her nipples, and put grass up her vagina. bruise most her wrists and ankles indicated she had been bound with rope and tortured. At the scene, the body was washed sweet of evidence and was lying top of dew determining she was killed elsewhere.Her murderer cleaned her body so well you could see the bristle marks from a brush. The only authorized evidence at the crime scene was a tire track, a bloody heel mark in this tire mark, and there was a paper ce workforcet sack with blood on it. The main detectives on the Black Dahlia case were Ha rry Hansen and Finis Brown. The detectives gathered her dactyl prints and identified the woman as Elizabeth Short. At this point the media was all over this story. The Examiner reporters used this information to call Shorts bewilder and inform her Short had won a beauty contest.Before revealing the straight reason they called the reporters gathered as much information as they could onward informing her of her daughters death. The cause of death was hemorrhage and lash due to blows to the head and face (Scheeres, Page 3). Elizabeth Short, also known as the Black Dahlia, was a beautiful woman who was aspiring to become an actress in Hollywood. She was born on July 29, 1924, in Hyde Park, Massachusetts. She got the name Black Dahlia because of her somber hair and black wardrobe. She spent a lot of her time in radio stations, bars, and nightclubs with new acquaintances.Her friends described her as the type of woman who got a lot of attention from men and went on a lot of dates. S he depended on small jobs and the men she was around to support her. And as many men as she dated, it is hard to say which and if one of the men murdered her. The delay time anyone saw Elizabeth was around 1000 pm at the Biltmore Hotel on January 09, 1947. A couple days after the murder, the murderer called Jimmy Richardson, city editor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, and described the mutilation to the body and said he would send the police Shorts belongings.The personal belongings were photographs, her social security card, birth certificate, and an cut across book. The murderer sent other letters to toy with the police officers. Than finally, the killer sent a final letter stating Have changed my mind. You would not realize me a square deal. Dahlia killing was justified. There were over 75 suspects in the Black Dahlia case but a lot of those suspects got thrown out. The main suspects in her case were Robert Manley, Mark Hansen, Cleo Short, Carl Balsiger, and George W. Wel sh, Jr.Robert Manley was the stolon suspect in her case because he was the last person to be with Elizabeth outside of the Biltmore Hotel. He was also given truth serum and found not guilty. In 1949, suspects testified in front of the Grand panel and did not find anyone guilty. The case continued to be investigated but the Grand Jury stopped issuing progress reports by 1950. Sadly, this case has never been solved, but the media has always covered this case. When the murder was released the police and newspapers got tips and as well as confessions for Elizabeths death.For weeks this story was headlining papers and had citizens in a worry. Even at present this case is so popular it has even made its way into movies and books(Who Was Elizabeth Short? , Page 4. ) This case is important because a young womans life was taken and no one has been found guilty of her murder. all case is important, especially when searching for someone as twisted as Shorts killer. No one wants someone like that around others in society. Even though Shorts murderer is belike dead, it is always important to close a case for the sake of the victim and their family.References Elizabeth Short The Black Dahlia. (n. d. ). Crime and Investigation Network. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http//www. crimeandinvestigation. co. uk/crime-files/elizabeth-short-the-black-dahlia/biography. html Scheeres, J. (n. d. ). The Black Dahlia Story. truTV. com. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http//www. trutv. com/library/crime/notorious_murders/famous/dahlia/index_1. html Who Was Elizabeth Short? (n. d. ). The Black Dahlia Website. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http//www. bethshort. com/about-beth. php

Social Structures

Social building theories are based on relationships or bonds. A good casing of a societal structure would be family counseling. This is where families would learn to bond and work together. Community events such as team events or friendly gatherings can become part of the mixer structure that helps to mold insipids being involved in positive social functions is important in the development of a youth. So in my companionship the Youth Sports program will be a good example of social structure. Because this involves both(prenominal) juveniles and families it provides the ability to have closer relationship with both family and community.Social process theories go rights along with both the conflict and the social theory. It is a learned behavior one that very much comes from watching siblings or parents display tier patterns of behavior. A public program that exemplifies this again would be the Boys and Girls club. These clubs are designed to create positive environments for ch ildren and youth to spend period learning sports and positive interactions. Social conflict theories definition, what the cause of crime is and how does political economy play a part in this theory. Social economics do play a factor in how juveniles are treated in the body after committing a crime.In a poor neck of the woods if a youth steals a TV they are quite often convicted and sent to Juvenile detention. A juvenile from a more wet neighborhood may only be brought into court and considered indiscretions. How the countys juvenile programs would treat the two social groups differently. This happens with both youth and adults. The juvenile system would be an example of this social structure theory and how the conflict among social groups is treated in the system. Juvenile detention is the countys tot up one way in which to denture criminal behavior.

Equality, Diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. Essay

1.1 How does the e t unrivalled of voice number 2010 gain equality and diversity? Obtain your instructs Equality of opportunity policy. What is its endeavor? Identify references to action.The Equality Act protects individuals from un uncontaminating treatment and promotes a fair more equal society. Equality and diversity is now a limit judgement in Ofsted inspections. This means that if equality measures are not beingness implemented efficiently, this will restrict the overall inspection grade.As a school, you must not discriminate against a pupil or likely pupil because of their dis powerfulness, race, sex, gender reassignment, religion or belief, or intimate orientation.The objectives at Tutshill civilise are that all children in our school will piddle away up ones mind in an environment free from the effects of and without dissimilarity, and that the working conditions and environment of our module and volunteers will withal be free from discrimination.Tutshill C of E native shoal strives to ensure that the culture and ethos of the school are such that, any(prenominal) the hereditary pattern and origins of members of the school community, everyone is equally valued and treats one an new(prenominal) with respect. Pupils should be provided with the opportunity to experience, learn and celebrate diversity.Tutshill School will adhere to Gloucestershire pasturages Racial Harassment in Schools Guidelines and switch all natural teachers, student teachers and ancillary staff aware of the policy.1.2 Why is it important to project the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access? any children stupefy the right to access all the opportunities which are on ply in the school provision. Each and every pupil has the right to mold and should not be discriminated against for any reason. In order for us to gain this we must involve the children and parents in finding out what works salubrious in school and what doe snt. This should be avered by high quality teaching and learning experience. I believe that involving the children in this process would make the children more confident and feel more valued within school.1.3 How is ethnical diversity valued and promoted in your school? Discuss its importance. at heart Tutshill School opportunities are provided for all children to experience others cultures and ethnic backgrounds. This is promoted through literacy lessons. Every border the children I work with have a new topic for example, Greece and The Romans. With each topic they learn about their cultures such as their religion, language and the opposite foods they eat. The children in year four studied the Romans and did a play for the other children in assembly and also designed a menu for the full school to try. The Year five air division studied Greece and designed and make holiday brochure for display in their class room and also designed a Greek menu for the school to try. This is to ensure that the children understand and value the social and cultural diversity that could be in their take in community as well as around the world. Culture tin can cut across nationalities and faiths and by promoting cultural diversity and the differences of individuals and groups within school will enhance a childs learning and promote knowledge and understanding of all pupils. Diverse cultures in schools should be adjudge and reflected throughout the curriculum. By supporting and encouraging children to understand and accept cultural diversity will also prevent stereotyping and reduce prejudice and discrimination within schools. Most importantly, it will prepare children and young people for legion(predicate) changes that will happen in their lives as adults where they will inevitably be involved in mixing with adults of different cultures and backgrounds.Having watched the Teachers TV programme plume and Prejudice, about Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children, comment on the following.2.1 What prejudices do these groups face?Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children face many prejudices throughout their lives. They are not considered part of the community that they live in and often tot up up against racism, stereotyping, discrimination and abuse not only from other children scarce adults as well.2.2 What relate does this have on traveller C/YP?The impact that racism, stereotyping and discrimination have on the children is that they fall out of school or are taken out of school at an early age. mass of traveller children tend to leave school or are taken out of school at the end of primary level as they find the transition into secondary school a difficult one due to other children and teachers bulling them and having little knowledge or understanding of their culture. The deviation of the children do not often make it past year 9.2.3/2.4 How have schools tackled prejudice to raise attendance and accomplishment?Schools have tackled these prejudices by i ncrease other peoples knowledge about these minority groups. For compositors caseCelebrate their culture.Looking at the history of the travellers.Increasing awareness of their heritage by having day trips to the Romany life centre.Traveller children making a booklet to educate teachers and pupils, about their religion and how and where they live. Showing the pupils a contract about travellers about their skills and how they made a living.To raise attendance and attainment schools have been flexible with rules regarding attendance rates and given extra support especially just before SATs. The most important involvement I feel is that they treated each and every child the same.3.1 exempt what is meant by inclusion?Inclusion means to be fully included, to make people feel valued and respected irrespective of ethnicity, gender, disability, culture, age, religion and sexual orientation. It is about giving equal access and opportunities to everyone.3.2/3.3 Provide 3 or 4 examples of i nclusive practices in your classroom/school.During my time at Tutshill School I have witnessed and been part of several inclusive practices. employment 1.Within year 4 we have a student who is Chinese. During the Chinese New-year SL brought in sweets for everyone so we could celebrate the Chinese new-year with her. She then had time to talk to the class about what she did during their celebrations.Example 2.Throughout each classroom and the school thither are displays of childrens work. All abilities are displayed, so the children can mind and understand that just because their work may not be the neatest or always correct it will still get to be displayed.Example 3.During P.E all children will be included, whether they have a lower ability or any medical issues. The games that they are playing will be adapted if needed to so that every child has the opportunity to participate.

Become An Organ Donor

Research evince that up to seven lives ar accumulated ( cardinal lungs unmatched heart, pancreas, and liver and two kidneys) for every individual who decides to donate an organ later death. Consequently, nine patients miscarry each day due to organ shortage. If every healthy and suit able individual is willing to donate an organ before or subsequently death, then it is most likely to save an immense number of drab or dying patients and much more offer their respective families a sturdy relief for that so-c wholeed gift of life. (Lauritzen, McClure, Smith, & Trew, 2001) Organ donation has always been a controversial issue in the society especially among families who atomic number 18 against such perception. Health organizations such as the Center for Organ retrieval and Education and other Organ Procurement Organizations came up with the idea that the address with regard to organ donation appargonntly flows on the donors decision, thus making the family only get informed with the documented gaze of the donor (May, Aulisio, & DeVita, 2000).Surveys stress the idea that at that place argon numerous accidents that come to pass per day and normally, these individuals would need organs to replace whatever it is that has been damaged (Joralemon & Cox, 2003). It whitethorn then be throngn to assumption that out of the 37,000 Americans waiting to invite the gift of life (DeJong, 1995)to restore their good health per seit would be more efficient if there will be many who would voluntarily donate some of their organs even when they are remedy live compared to that when they are already dead.As a matter of f cause, there occurred Congress legislative proposals which are coherently adopted by the American Medical Association, the unite Network for Organ Sharing and the American Society for Transplant Surgeons. In essence, through these laws, the families of the donors are to be given the assurance that the body is separable from the self and can be trea ted like propertythese are proposals to compensate families for transplantable organs which are gathering momentum. (Joralemon & Cox, 2003)It has also been observed that the number of organ donors surprisingly increased given the fact that the congressional bill comprises to tax credits for cadaveric donations (Joralemon & Cox, 2003). Further, it would grant moderate incentivesfuneral assistances harmonise to donor rate. The pure altruism consent of the organ donation schememeaning that it will be under the consent of the donors familyor that on the basis of express consentwhere the deceaseds documented wish where the next of kith and kin would not be able to supersede with the donors decision.In these kinds of system, the system would help save lives and one point or another(prenominal) financially help those who are remedy living in a manner of assurance-foundation. (May et al. , 2000) There exists several risks on organ donation, like plastic surgery, the addressee is talked to decide over his or her declare riskthough insurance policies are there to collide in formthus it must be kept in headway that there will always be unexpected circumstances to turn out (DeJong, 1995).With this, organ transplant schema would be assessed to be of mutual earn over that of the recipient and the donor. Examples of organ and tissue donation include cornea, bead marrow, hearts, livers, lungs, pancreases, and spleens and many more dependent on what is needed by the surgeon (Lauritzen et al. , 2001). The donations made are explicitly beneficial and helpful in all of humanity. However, like other occurrences, there are always these instances where the donation keep takes a glitch on the procedure.Like what doctors say, not all surgeries are successful inasmuch as there is no total assurance that a crabby person patient will not be saved. Hence these kinds of issues only take place when there are anticipated circumstances like the donor is suffering from heart dis ease or other illnesses which could gravely accept the procedurebut that is impossible to happen since the medical team are to make several tests and diagnoses first to be able to distinguish if a donor is capable to indeed save another life. (Lamb, 1980)Voluntarism may be perceived to be a form of a heroic act by any individual. Even if others may regard it for a interest of financial stakes, still the mere fact that the idea is to accumulate a life is far more important than placing a pedestal of joint catastrophes. In a larger perspective, in the case of those who are brain-dead, there are families who prefer seeing their loved one help another persons life, than to live in a life integral of agony. Most likely, the living donors are not after for money alone, it is to a fault rare that they ask for something in return after donating an organ.Basically, cornea and kidney donors honor their humanity to see a person close to them live a bittie protracted, or make one see t hrough the nightfallto make someone feel completedramatic but happening in a real-life scenario (Lauritzen et al. , 2001). Donating an organ in the contemporary society is no coarseer a hook-on-a-leash issue compared to that when the kidney transplant was first performed in 1954 for the sake of two identical twins. In the modern era, technology has paved a long way in the art of saving livesor getting a new life out of somebodys end of life.There may be other culture or religion who are still against the idea of taking something from a persons body, but if they are to be educated and have them informed of the beauty that waits the recipient, they too would conceivably try donating their organwhether they are still living or after death (Lauritzen et al. , 2001). In a future marker of this argument, it may be stressed that marketing is no longer limited to goods made by humans, even humans, whose only initial investment is their body, could give a crack pay-off with the right peopl e to attend to and seek for guidance (Joralemon & Cox, 2003).It is amazing to make up that healthcare has created this system, where normal people could be heroes, even if they couldnt evaporate or read minds or make objects move. A driving labour to live life through helping others, and gaining income by donating an organthe olfactory sensation of fulfillment is imaginable. References DeJong, W. (1995). Options for Increasing Organ gratuity The Potential Role of financial Incentives, Standardized Hospital Procedures, and Public Education to Promote Family Discussion. The Milbank Quarterly, 73(3), 10. Joralemon, D. , & Cox, P.(2003). Body value The Case against Compensating for Transplant Organs. The Hastings Center Report, 33(1), 13. Lamb, J. (1980). Organ Transplantation Recognizing the Donor. The American Journal of Nursing, 80(9), 2. Lauritzen, P. , McClure, M. , Smith, M. L. , & Trew, A. (2001). The Gift of Life and the Common Good The Need for a Communal Approach to Orga n Procurement. The Hastings Center Report, 31(1), 6. May, T. , Aulisio, M. P. , & DeVita, M. A. (2000). Patients, Families, and Organ Donation Who Should Decide? The Milbank Quarterly, 78(2), 4.

Education Among the Pakistani Women Essay

initiationEducation is perhaps the main source of human intellectual education and a critical f momentor pertaining to standard of living. Education here refers to on the whole instructions received by a child, whether at home, playground, or school. neer-ending increase in macrocosm and declining assets in public education hap turn place to a serious dilemma for developing countries. Like nearly of rest of the developing introduction, Pakistan is kat oncen to be a male rule democracy and ranks as the seventh roughly populous of the world. The sex symmetry is 105.7 men to e precise 100 women, with an every(prenominal) over exclusively literacy rate of only 45% 56.5 percent for males and 32.6 percent for females in 1998 (Jehan, 2000). For centuries women gestate been battling for passableity, yet the nightclub continues to invent the stereotypical count on of women and is responsible for the raze status of women. This paper aims to explore the factors obstructi ng Pakistani women, specific ally in agrestic aras where they slewnot acquire education.The consequences they take bearing collectable to deprivation of academic opportunities ar also discussed on base an elaborate abbreviation pertaining to various sociological concepts introduced in the course. This is an ongoing cultural and political issue, which reflects the molder presidential term and extreme subjective interpretations of the religious doctrines. The status of Pakistani women reflects the composite interplay of m each factors such(prenominal) as cordial, cultural, and religious views. In addition, the gender biases, geographical regions, and social classes pose several difficulties for Pakistani women. Lack of education kinda obviously hinders their practicality in the employment extort along with change magnitude unaw atomic number 18ness around health and failure to access legal rights for mistreatment from the male dominating society.The social and cu ltural perspective of Pakistani society is primarily patriarchal. At a actually early st be on men and women are divided into dickens separate worlds, this becomes a way of life. For women home is defined as universe the righteousnessfully ideological space whereas, the men require the world extracurricular the home. This false ideological discrimination between inside and external worlds is support by the notion of admire and the tradition of purdah (veil, the seclusion of women from the push- cut list of men or strangers) in Pakistan (Country Briefing Paper, 2000). The male honor is associated with the womens sexual behaviour, the familys honor hold great emphasis on womens sexuality. Although the women are not prohibited from springing, at the same beat they are supposititious to firmly describe the rules of morality.They may feel a role strain, to be a good female child or wife or to go finished the right to do a job they call to do. Status is defined by your social location, and women in general face everyday prejudice because of their gender. Pakistan, be a developing country, has a lower overall status in the world. Pakistani women have many statuses peerless(prenominal) being a Pakistani, this however is an achieved or ascribed social position. meat it can be attained either by taking birth in the country, or by applying to become a citizen. Being Pakistani is not her only social position, when shes born(p) shes a daughter (ascribed status), when she gets married shes a wife (achieved status), and thus when she has children shes a m several(predicate) (achieved status). The status in terms of just occupying a position the 3 different statues that the Pakistani women achieve are daughter, wife, and mother. She is not known for anything other than that.Rarely are they known for geting women, or any kind of job positions. The culture looks at them as vigour more, nor are they supposed to have any other status. Status in terms o f prestige or abide by for centuries women have been fighting for equality, equal rights, honour, and respect despite all of that, it is placid an ongoing struggle. Pakistani women have an ascribed lower status, this means that women dont earn or work towards being a lower status they are given it by birth. Most Pakistani families yearn for a son, so he could detainment the family business, further on receiving a daughter, they are ashamed. Hence this starts her being sickening in the eyes of her parents. As she grows older, the neighbours start to look at her that way, and so forth. Eventually the society looks at her that way and therefore, it becomes a norm, or unwrap of an ideology.A Pakistani womens life particularly in countrified areas is a journey of subordination. As a woman is growing up she must listen to her set out who decides whether she obtains education and who she would marry. After marriage her husband and in-laws are the decision makers on her behalf, who mainly decide how many children she would have and whether she is allowed to work outside the household. In a womans cured years her sons decide the fate for the rest of her remaining life. This is the norm in Pakistan the behavioral expectations of women are to listen to the males that dominate their lives. Furthermore the entire society acts as an oppressor imposing stereotypical roles upon them. As such, daughter, wife, mother in all three of these roles, the woman is expected to be sexually pure, that is, not to commit any acts of adultery. In all three, she must protect her familys honor by learning conventional general labor skills, neat manners, and modest dressing.Women are part of a loop this loop starts from being a daughter, being a wife, and finally a mother it ends in the mother giving birth to another daughter who must now follow her mothers footsteps and live a life evocative to that of her mother. This social structure reflects the roles of women in a shocking ne w light, a light that barely, if not at all, reaches the west. The daughters role starts when she is born into the family. Her role in her family is to clean the house, take care of the chorus alongside her mother, serve food for thought, and if shes lucky, go to school in a very unhygienic, little populated school. She is to get married at a very early age and this often results in her not finishing her education. Her father decides whom she should marry this is a process with both cultural and religious significance. correspond to Islam, it is already written to whom you will marry. By the father being the some angiotensin-converting enzyme who decides, that gives him the higher authority or higher status as the daughter must be handed over by a wali (the map caretaker, either her oldest brother or father).The role of the wife in most sense the role of the wife is very similar to that of the daughter she is supposed to keep the honour of the husband by keeping quiet, followin g his lead, and implicitly being a slave. The role of mother this is when the daughter learns to take all the cultural guidelines and the norms and apply it on her children. Thus the cycle starts all over again. In order for this cycle to break the women need to view their roles in perceptive of the bigger picture. They need to realize that they have voices and that they can swop their faith. Though this does not mean going against their religion, but to fight for their rights in a politically corrupted governing system. Acquiring academic and public life planning resources is unimpeachably a constructive and logical start to absolving them from this loop. Conversely, the political and cultural infrastructure most definitely tries to thwart these efforts.The implications of these cultural requirements and neediness of education for womens scotch activities are catastrophic. The female labour force participation is known to be the second lowest for Pakistan in the world (Jehan, 2 000). Their high contribution in agriculture and the informal sector of work tends to go unrecorded by the statistics. However, in the poorest regions, some opportunities occur for women to work outside areas for domestic services such as sweepers, construction workers, and hire labourers. Women are also re harshed to several industries such as textiles, food and beverages and pharmaceuticals. This norm guides the social behavior of Pakistani women, where they cannot acquire high give jobs and limits women to jobs that are lowest paid and require less mobility.These gender-defined roles vary from the geographical region in which they reside, where some areas are stricter. The main concern is the lack of education among the rural areas limiting their work capabilities. The total number of females with less than primary education is 18% (Ibraz, 1993). The situation is better in urban areas where women have overcome some of the tralatitious restrictions due to educational facilitie s. another(prenominal) factor that restricts Pakistani females from acquiring higher level of education is the traditional rule of marrying them at an early age. The average age of marriage is state at 17 years for females (Ibraz, 1993). After marriage the beliefs of the husband interpose resulting in his social behavior of making his wife take care of the household and his family rather than continuing with kick upstairs education or working outside the household. Cultural ideas such as protecting the familys honor result in women barely communicating with men outside their family.If any communication is necessary, they adjust their religious headgear to make sure that proper(ip) protocol is followed and communicate only with minimal eye contact and enthusiasm. some other cultural idea such as honor killings also encourages males to take to task females of the consequences of not following the norms and of course, encourage them even more to carry out an execution if the woma n is in fact found guilty. Also, in rural areas, a common cultural idea is that education encourages women to rebel against their various(prenominal) families. This furthermore advocates the practice of not wasting money sending girls to school. tender individuality women who are brave and resourceful enough to leave their families are marked as heathen or witchy. Other females in the locality are forbidden to socialize with them.Therefore, a common tool to dominate women who do rebel is to take away all social identity from them or in worse cases, demeaning their social identity through media propagandas and common word of mouth. This is a very potent technique it makes other women (who are in sync with norms ) disrespect and look down on those that actually stood up to the discriminating societal structure. The male dominating ideology, therefore, persists. The health indicators of Pakistani women are among the worst in the world. Pakistan is known to be one of the few countri es where the life expectancy of males exceeds the females. One in every 38 women die due to pregnancy related complications (Annual Report, 2009).The health of the Pakistani women was never considered a priority because woman as a gender are not culturally, traditionally, or religiously given equal status in the society. The health system relies on this gender inequality and is hesitant to suck up policies to help improve womens health. Lack of awareness among the female population allows them to accept the mistreatment from the system. They are more likely to approach different methods of treatments themselves. much than 80% women are delivered at home in the presence of humble birth attendants (Annual Report, 2009). Social and domestic control over womens sexuality, their economic dependence on men, and restrictions on their mobility establish the health services provided to males and females.Furthermore, honour killings, rape, and illegal trafficking of women are prevalent acr oss much of the country. Women in Pakistan are seen as a representative of the mens honour to whom they blend in they are responsible for guarding their virginity and chastity. If a woman is superficially having an illicit sexual relationship, she degrades the family honor and looses the right to life (Amnesty International, 1999). In response the man in public reveals his power to safeguard his honour by killing the women that have alter it, these acts are done openly. Brutal punishments are reported for bringing food late, for answering back, and even for undertaking forbidden family visits. Extreme measures such as honour killings take place for several matters. Conveying the desire to take on a spouse and marrying a partner of their own choice is an act of disobedience since most marriages are supposed to be arranged by fathers. Divorce is seen as a public rebelliousness and women must be punished for restoring male honour. Rape among the Pakistani women is seen as a exceedi ngly shameful event and thus rape victims are also executed.The regime of Pakistan has failed to take any measures against the honour killings (Amnesty International, 1999). The political institution is flawed the law and government that are supposed to protect their people from harms way institutionalized corruption. To give women a lower status and view them as unequal is prejudice. It is institutionalized for a Pakistani woman to follow the authority of the man, since he is superior to. It is a practice to look down upon women in Pakistan as it became a norm. An example of such injustice is a story of rape victim named Shazia Khalid. She was a medical doctor, who got married and was offered a job by a government run facility. Her husband worked outside the country, she was staying at the facility that was secured by the members of the military. She was repeatedly raped overnight and then silenced by the military as they would not allow the law of nature to investigate.To avoid embarrassment of the military, General Musharraf, the president of Pakistan, declared the rapist innocent. They further attacked Shazia by suggesting she was a prostitute. At this point Shazia contracted suicide but thankfully was saved by her childs request. Her story increased medias attention and further humiliated the president of the country, her family was asked to leave the country by the order of the government. They decided to immigrate to Canada but because immediate actions were infallible they were told to reside in England where they will be further assisted by the government to move to Canada. When landing at England they were abandoned by the government and are living on welfare waiting from their admission to Canada (McKenna, 2006). egocentrism plays a big role in the hearts of Pakistani men. Their self-exaltation and honor has a prestige status meaning its worth more whereas a womans life is worthless.They created this norm shared by the society. In deciding not to follow the norm results in forbid sanctions. Due to the institutionalized corruption many Pakistani women have taken a toll to fight for their rights. Diverse groups including the Womens Action Forum, the Pakistan Women Lawyers Association, the All-Pakistan Womens Association and the Business and Professional Womens Association, are supporting projects end-to-end the country that focus on empowering women.They have been involved in such activities as instituting legal aid for indigent women, opposing the gendered segregation of universities, and ad and condemning the growing incidents of violence against women. ( Group, strict)The progressive womens association (PWA) and the all Pakistan womens association (APWA) is comprised of educated individuals an example of their political struggle is the attempt to change the hadood ordinances law in Pakistan regarding rape. They are quite effective as they are setting the milestone for women standing up for their rights in the countr y. terminationIn light of arguments presented in the paper, the low status of Pakistani women can be attributed to lack of education and cultural values. The consequences are very controvert inequality in the workforce, poor health, and marriage at young age with high fertility and childbearing mortality. Pakistani women lagging behind in education are not aware of their legal rights and are forced to focus on obligations of family life. Although this paper is geared mainly towards the women in rural areas of Pakistan, the cultural and traditional aspect of life imposed on women still persists in middle and higher classes, merely less strict. Hence, there is definitely a big gap between the loose group of women and the strict group of women. Consequently, a solution to the issue can also be portrayed as bridging the gap between these two respective groups. tending from the global community will be required to educate different populations to invoke change.Resources APA styleAnnu al Report. (2009). Health of women in Pakistan. Society of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists of Pakistan. Jinnah graduate(prenominal) Medical Center (JPMC).Amnesty International. (1999). Pakistan, Honour Killings of Girls and Women.Country Briefing Paper, Women in Pakistan. (2000). Situation Analysis of Women in Pakistan An overviewIbraz, Tassawar S. Fatima, Anjum. (1993). Uneducated and Unhealthy The Plight of Women in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review. 324 Part II, pp. 905-915Jehan, Qamar. (2000). Role of Women in stinting Development of Pakistan.University Of Balochistn.McKenna, Terence. (Feb-Mar 2006). In Dept Pakistan Pakistan, Land, Gold, Women. CBC news. Retrieved from http//www.cbc.ca/news/background/pakistan/mckenna_pakistan.htmlMunir, Shafqat. (2001). Institutionalized ontogenesis of Women as Negative Impact of Globalization. Journalists for Democracy and Human Rights (JDHR) Pakistan.

Is Domestic Violence a Breach of Human Rights? Essay

The hassle brought forth by the un fit distri neverthelession of power in intimate singingships in ontogeny countries has caused non only conquest exclusively alike wildness against wo custody. deplor open operations much(prenominal) as assault, hitting, verbal jest at and opposite relate to bowelless behaviors atomic add 18 being experienced by a strong consider of wo manpower in all over the world. As much(prenominal), this research seeks to establish the link amid domestic military force and mankind adjusts. Not until recently that the United farmings (UN) has unyielding to involve the exsert of craze against Wo custody (VAW) on the mainstream of the gentle re conducts paradigm.As much(prenominal) this research result be caseing on the anatomy of DV and the laws colligate to its slaying. much than than than specifically, the research has the following objectives 1. To properly define domestic help force (DV) and other concepts relat ed on the nonion of DV. 2. To attain the incidences on DV that could be significantly related on the military issue of humankind Rights Violation. 3. To identify the laws define forth by the United Nations that verifies the link of DV to the issue of human rights entrancements and specifically cite plannings that further explains the rights of women and the degree of protection that is due to them.4. To identify the track downs this aims to further protect the rights of women. 5. To know wherefore it took so long for DV to be recognized as a military man Rights Issue. Background of the Problem Domestic force is a breed of furiousness against women. frenzy Against Women (VAW) as defined by the contract on the excrement of force-out against Women (1993) is any act of g balanceer- ground delirium that guides in, or is likely to take in, tangible, sexual or coat harm or suffering to women, including threats of much(prenominal) acts, coercion or arrogant depriv ation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in unavowed liveness .This definition then emphasizes that any act that forces women to do certain(p) things that result to any type of harm is considered as an act of DV. More importantly, the image of DV has been make broad as it encompasses non only DV in impairment of the domicilhold, just now too certain subjugation against women that might happen in the latters course of relating towards quite a little.Violence against women includes the physical, sexual and mental fierceness that happens in the family or the community which includes battering, sexual abuse of squirtren, dowry related furiousness, rape, fe phallic genital mutilation and other usageal practices harmful to women, non-spousal delirium and military unit related to exploitation, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in raisingal institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women, forced prostitution, and violence perpetrated or condoned by the s tate More specifically, the initiation Health Organization (WHO) claimed that the violence against women does non only poses human rights issue but in like manner contains other problems such as wellness and societal cephalalgias. This definition then provided by WHO further elaborates the definition provided by VAW. More importantly, the threats upon the health of women that came into emergence because of the abuses that were brought forth unto them be similarly a growing health concern according to WHO. Domestic Violence is in any compositors case labeled as Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) by the nitty-gritty for Disease and Control Pr flushtion (CDC) has four major types which argon physical, sexual, mental abuse and stalking . The orbit Health Organization perceived IPV not only as a human rights issue but as well as a growing health concern.The population based study of WHO prime go forth that 10-69% of women admitted that they mother been physically assaulte d by a male pardner at close to point indoors their lives. In a big scale, the range is between 10-34%. IPV incidents atomic number 18 perceived to be not regularly covered to the police, thusly the inability to picture the entire magnitude of the problem. CDC besides reported that majority of IPV incidents reported (i. e. 50%) atomic number 18 stalking, 25% physical assaults and 20% rape or sexual assaults. The CDC said that the seconds of domestic violence are perceived to be more damaging on the character reference of the victim and more hailly in terms of treatment. Physical consequences include injuries that were left as a result on the victimization such as scratches, bruises and welts.Other more damaging heart and souls are telephone exchange nervous system dis points, gastrointestinal dis ordinances, gynecological disorders, pregnancy gruelingies and the likes. Psychological violence which stemmed out from emotional or psychological assault makes the victims separate problematic behaviors such as being anti mixer, develops suicidal tendencies, depressions and anxiety. twainerible implications of domestic violence also create a web of problem for the victims in terms of relating with other people and performing well in their workplace. More often than not, a difficult relationship is perceived in terms of the victims employers, peers and/ or colleagues .The health implications that resulted from domestic violence are primarily characterized by a real risk of infectiony sexual behavior such as unprotected sex or even sexual trade. In assenting, the use of addictive substances such as drugs or alcohols is also perceived. Corollary with this, the abuse of various medicines or pills for in order to lose weight is also paramount while in some cases, overeating was the documented consequence . The sparing implications of domestic violence are also very(prenominal) alarming. On 2003, the perceived costs of IPV is roughly $4. 1 billi on which primarily comprises of $460 for rape cases, $6. 2 billion for physical assault, $461 billion for stalking and $1. 2 billion for the esteem of cost lives . Domestic Violence and Human RightsAttempts to link VAW on the issue of human rights were first ceremonious with the 1948 prevalent Declaration of Human Rights wherein such asserts that all humans moldiness keep back get even rights and opportunities regardless of any difference . However it could be say that the UDHR did not immediately addressed the issues of DV and directly perceived it as a Human Rights issue. As such it is the down the stairslying vox populi that all humans must be treated as tinctize has become the basic controversy against DV and paved the style for the creation of certain laws that directly cater to it. In relation with this, the expression on the voidance of all(a) Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) on 1979 and the United Nations 1993 Declaration to sink Violence again st Women , also has similar goals.Due to the attempts to link VAW and human rights, such paved the way to transnational womens movements and other mobilizations worldwide. Non government face (NGO) and state governments go make their own efforts in order to eradicate this carve up of oppression against women . The Private Nature of DV More importantly, the perception of Domestic Violence (DV) against the fashion model of human rights paved the way for the idea of applying external laws in order to solve DV all over the world. DV has been perceived as having a cloistered nature due to the reason that its occurrence primarily stemmed out of the family wherein more often are favoured to be kept in secretiveness and addressed and/or resolved personally by family members .Most of the time, victims of DV within families opt to keep the issue within the jurisdiction of their own homes. Women opt to discuss the issue among their husbands or federal agencyners rather than reporting such incidences to the police. In relation with this, it could also be significantly far-famed that once such incidences are reported to the police, the latters way of resolving the issue also result to having both pickies reconcile within themselves. In effect of this, women who know such a process opted to no longer result to lawful actions, rather only try their best to work it among their partners. The clandestine nature of DV is due to the fact that it is often committed by men that are close in their lives .In effect of this, it has always been the case that it becomes invisible. It is less likely for the violence to be reported, unlike those type of violence that happened in public and was done by people who are chartless to women. In addition with this, since there are no witnesses to private violence, it becomes very hard for the law to take proper action. It could be significantly argued as well that the attitude of the police in terms of attending on the crimes of DV has been very distant. Most of them dont want to take sides among couples even if it is evident that one of them is at fault. As such it is said You retributive try to calm them down.To a policy of ar rest rather than meditation, the decreed approach is not necessarily reflected in practice in part because intervening police officers are at a very noble rik in incidences of private violence. It has been very hard for people to identify violence that happened between couples. Albeit, the reality is that there is a huge number of violence that happens in intimate relationships rather than those that happened in public. It is more dangerous fro women and the injuries that they have are more severe. In relation with this, it could be significantly noted that the study of Pourezza et al also reveals that women in Iran seem to be more aware of the reasons of violence rather than the evidence of violence. much(prenominal) according to Pourezza et al is primarily due to the private natu re of DV in Iran and the failure of the victims and her family to report such incidents to the police. Physical violence is perceived to be a private phenomenon and is expected to be resolved within the realm of the family. The risk factors that are associated with DV in Iran are poverty, addiction, discrimination in work place and societal life and lack of personal securities . In the United States however DV although ab initio perceived to be of a private nature has been attempted to be made on the mainstream of the human rights paradigm in order for it to be properly addressed.Annual conventions and charges are launched by the United Nations such as the worldwide Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, The Sixteen Days of Activism of nucleus for Womens Global Leaderships (CWGL) and Amnesty Internationals Stop Violence Against Women exploit Banner all work unneurotic not only to help pooh-pooh domestic violence but other gender-related violence as well. These s treaks together with various laws will able to make women aware of their rights not only as an individual but also as a muliebrity. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights however did not directly link the issue of DV to the notion of human rights.What the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights claimed is that all people have inherent high-handedness and of equal and inalienable rights hence implying that women have the liking that is similar to men, and such disposition implies the formers right to experience the same degree of protection, privilege and other factors that are racy in living a quality life. Such attempts on the end of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights that became the cornerstone in the development of other global laws could be seen on the following cookerys. The condition 1 of the Declaration claims that entirely human beings are born free and equal in arrogance and rights. They are endowed with reaso n and conscience and should act towards one some other in a spirit of brotherhood.The very basic philosophical foundation of the relevance of human life against any other form of life is mans capacity for reason which is light-headedly presented in this provision as a characteristic of all human beings. thence women possess a capacity for reason that is exactly similar to that of man, and by such, the former must be prone the same amount of granting immunity and dignity. The second Article of the Declaration further strengthens this claim by stating that Everyone is entitle to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, policy-making or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other berth.Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or world(prenominal) status of the acres or territory to which a person belongs, wheth er it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. This provision exculpatedly states the relevance of the upholding of human rights despite of gender. Such is clear evidence that all sexes are equal on the eyes of the law. Article 7 further makes it clear that all individuals must not be discriminated against the law. Consequently, Article 8 states the indispensability of the establishment of national tribunals wherein conflicts and other criminal cases could be addressed. The Declaration as reflected in Article 16, clearly establishes that women have the right to enter a marriage in their own free will.Hence such federal agency that dowry and other types of fixed marriages although perceived to be a part of custom and coating in some countries is also a misdemeanor of womens rights. This provision then implies the general notion relevant to the personal line of credit that womens domestic affairs are subjected to the jurisdiction of the human rights realm. The provision stating that women should only marry in accordance with their own determination implies that marriages that are fixed that often times result to violent treatment among men is something that is of utmost concern in terms of protecting the human rights of women and thusly protecting them against domestic violence. It could be noted that some countries in Asia such as in India, requires women to give dowries to their soon to be husbands.Albeit, whenever the woman gives a dowry that is relatively lower than what is expected on the males family, what usually happens is that the woman is often abused or is viewed as individual who is a burden to the mans family. Article 21 on the other hand emphasizes that all people should have equal access to public service in her country and Article 26 emphasizes the equal rights of all people to education. As such, these provisions clearly focus on the right of women to education and also protection for all fo rms of abuses. The perception that womens education is unnecessary because the latter is perceived to be locked in doing house hold chores is a clear violation. The study of Bates et al. among the women of Bangladesh could be significantly noted.Such revealed that among the 1,200 women who participated on the study, 67% of them claimed that they have experienced domestic violence, and a significant number of 35% admitted that they have experienced it in the past category (i. e. 1998). More importantly, the study focused on the notion that a womans education has a direct effect in terms of lowering the tendencies of DV. The study of Bates et al revealed that women in Bangladesh have a minute or small access with education. In relation with this the author also claimed that the more a woman ages, the more that it will be difficult for her to get married. In addition, the age of the woman is also equated to the high cost of her dowry.In relation with this is the right of all person to have a free choice of the type of work that she wants to do as verbalise on Article 23. As such, this provision leans towards the growing concern of the feminization of poverty most e oddly in developing countries. matchless of the risk factors of domestic abuse according to CDC is with regard to the notion that women who do not enter the workforce must be submissive to her husband . Women who are primarily left in the household to do chores and take trouble of the children are perceived to have a minute contribution within the family as such the perceived head of the family which in this case is the male bread winner possesses all the power in the relationship.Article 25 clearly caters on the upholding on the rights of women as it emphasizes that all people has the right to a way of life that is adequate not only for him or her but also to his or her entire family. Motherhood and childhood should be supported by the government by assuring that they have special care and ass istance. More specifically, those children who were born out of marriage should be given the privileges and protection of the government. This provision protects not only women but also their children against DV. The claim that this concern must be under the jurisdiction of the government is an recital that women must be protected against all kinds of abuses including to that of within their own households.Women who do not have any capabilities to help themselves most especially if they are having children must also be sheltered by the government. convocation on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted on 1979 by the UN General Assembly. The United Nations division for the advancement of women describes CEDAW as the international bill of rights for women. As such CEDAW not only addressed directly the issues of DV but also relates it directly on the realm of human rights. The CEDAW although could be said as the most highly ratified international human rights convention could bland be seen as primarily focusing on the argument for human rights.Although it could be said that the convention reflects certain normative standards that are relevant to womens human rights, it could be said that it still does not directly address DV. The CEDAW is made up of a preamble and 30 articles which vex out the parameters of women discrimination and the creation of an agenda in order to eliminate such prejudice. This convention although still focusing on human rights is very unique of its kind because of focusing on the role of culture and tradition as very springy factor in shaping the roles of men and women and other relations within the family. In addition, CEDAW also ac experiences the reproductive rights of women. Articles 10, 11 and 13 emphasize womens rights to equal opportunity to education, employment and social activities.Such a provision paved th e way for more opportunities for women to chip in the household and not to be subjected to the abuses set forth by some men who give immense value on ones work and the monetary benefits that could be hoisted out from it. The United Nations also noted that these demands are of more benefit to women who live in the rural areas. The equal access to job opportunities will pave the way for a more fair economic scattering. In relation with this, Article 15 claims that women should also have a fair access in various civilised and business matters. More importantly, Article 16 emphasizes womens equal disposition as those of men in terms of the choice of spouse, parenthood, personal rights and decision over personal properties.Another more important concern that this Convention focuses at is the attention that it gives on the value of reproductive rights. In certain cases, the role of women as a child bearer has caused numerous amounts of discrimination, more specifically in the workplace . Article 5 emphasizes that child rearing must be a social function that men and women and the society are both and equally responsible of. The women must not be viewed as someone who has the full task and burden of raising a child because people around her must also play their part. In relation with this is the Article 4 of the convention which affirms womens right to reproductive choice.The notion that family planning advices from the government should be made available to all women will throw in the towel the latter to be aware more of her options and more specially in taking control in matters of sex and child bearing. This provision in the convention would imply that womans right in reproductive choice explicitly affirms womens ownership of her own body, hence forced intercourse even within marriages is totally a clear violation of her rights. The use of contraceptives and other methods of family planning will also allow women to take control of her life and to plan for other things that will not limit her entirely to the household. The third major area of concern that the Convention focused on is the role of a countrys culture and norms in terms in impeding women in enjoying their fundamental rights.Article 5 makes it clear that states are obliged to alter their social and heathen patterns of individual conduct which clearly harbors in comparison between sexes and unequal distribution of power. One of the most important implications of such is the mandatory revision of textbooks, teach programmes and teaching methods in order to eliminate stereotypes and inculcate to the youth at such an early age the equal status of men and women in all aspects of life. United Nations 1993 Declaration to Eliminate Violence against Women Sullivan claimed that it is only in its 49th session that the Commission on Human Right (CHR) anticipated that womens rights should be included in the mainstream of human rights programs.The declaration emphasizes that violence again st women hinders not only the achievement of equality but also of development and peace. In addition, such affirms that such violence towards women is a violation of the rights and freedom of the latter. More importantly, the perpetuation of the violation against womens rights is a manifestation of the oppressive dualism on the distribution of power between sexes. On such a relationship, the status of women has been clearly devalued hence hindering their total and absolute development . Article 3 of the Declaration to Eliminate Violence against Women emphasizes on the equal protection of human rights and freedoms of women in all fields. More specifically, article 3 emphasizes womens right to life and equality .The Vienna Declaration and the Program of action specifically focuses on the packaging and protection of human rights. The declaration recognizes that such an issue is of international mise en scene and is a way in which the international human rights systems could be exami ne and reevaluated so that it could represent various perceptions of countries on the issue of womens rights violations. One of the incidences that the Declaration focused on is the incidence of rape on an international scope . The sensation of that was brought forth by the media on the rape cases that happened on the former Yugoslavia has made the issue of violence against women as directly related to a human rights concern.The recognition that such an act is not only an effect of armed conflict but of the subordinate status of women in the society paved the way to a more focused and elaborate legislation in order to protect the rights of women. More specifically, the recognition that violence against women also happens in the private life or on the domestic level is also sought to be eliminated. On the Program of Actions, detail of sexual slavery that was paramount during armed conflict was also taken into a clear focus. For instance, the comfort women from Korea and the Philip pines who were forced into sex slavery by Japan during the Second World War are clear violation of womens human rights. The United Nations quaternary World collection on Women, Action for equivalence, Development and Peace, Beijing, China September 1995The UNs Action for Equality Development and Peace that was held on Beijing China on 1995 rest on the basic foundation that equality between men and women is not only human rights and social issue but also a necessary factor for equality, development and peace. The said Conference was primarily anchored on the Vienna Declaration Program of Action wherein the emphasis on the exigency of having violence against women on the mainstream of the human rights paradigm. The Conference focuses primarily on the implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women and at removing all the obstacles to womens progressive participation in all spheres of public and private life through a full and equal share in economic, social, heathenish and political decision-making. The convocation has formulated a global framework that would allow the conference to address all the relevant and related details addressed on the World Summit for Children, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the World Conference on Human Rights, the International Conference on people and Development and the World Summit for Social Development. The global framework emphasizes on the empowerment of all women on all aspects of life. The role of various economic factors has also been perceived as one of the risk factors in perpetuating womens cycle of violence. Critical Areas of concern was also discussed. The development of women and the achievement of the equal status of men and women are a matter of human rights concern and should not be treated as different from other womens issues. The exercise and the application of womens rights are the main factors that are vital in political, social, econ omic, cultural and environmental security. Campaigns against Domestic ViolenceVarious Non- judicature and Government Organizations are made in order to entice public awareness on the status of women in the society, more specifically on the status of domestic violence. More specifically, the executes against DV are being directly related on the issue of human rights. The Sixteen Days of Activism, International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women of the United Nations and Amnesty Internationals Stop Violence Against Women Campaign Banner are three of the ranges that this essay will look into and relate its importance in terms of DV and Human Rights. Center for Womens Global Leaderships (CWGL) Sixteen Days of Activism Against Gender Violence CampaignThe Center for Womens Global Leadership on 1991 has established on June 1991 a 16-day of activism campaign against gender violence. The campaign is marked to uprise on every 25th of November and is perceived to end at every tenth of December. The campaign is framed to include four significant international human rights commemorations which are International Day Against Violence Against Women which happens every November 25, World Aids Day which is every 1st of December, Anniversary of the Montreal Massacre which move on December 6 and Human Rights Day which happens every 10th of December . On 2000, the Campaign has already celebrated its tenth annual commemoration which was marked by local, national, regional and international activities.Various campaign mediums were used such as radio, television, video programming, press conferences, film screenings workshops, seminars, panels and other meetings demonstrations, protests, marches and vigils photo, poster, art and book exhibitions lectures, debates, testimonies and talks petition drives public education campaigns concerts, plays and other theatre performances street dramas and other community programmes distribution of posters, stickers, leaflets, learning kits and other publications The 16 Days of Activism has done a huge effect in terms of creating awareness and change in both in the national and international levels that as of 2000, there are already 800 organization in over 90 countries which participated in such a campaign. The campaign has been celebrated annually in local towns, states and regions and has been an avenue to create solidarity amongst women advocates and members of violence. The campaign has also done a great job by having such an activity a way for the victims of violence to be protected .The methods of organizing the campaign have widely varied through out the years. In 2000, the organizing strategies of the campaign has involved linking various events all over the world which include the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance in South Africa. In addition with this, the CWGL also encourages activists around the world to be an instrument in destiny to increase awareness on the violations against women through tribunals, workshops, festivals and other related activities . International Day for the Elimination of Violence against WomenThe 54th session of the General Assembly on 19 October 1999 which marks that 17th meeting of the Third Committee submitted a draft resolution which designates the 25th of November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. The said draft was sponsored by 79 states which aimed to increase the knowledge and understanding of the world with regard to the problem of VAW. The draft contained the details of the reasons why such a type of oppression has been hindering women to achieve their legal, social, political and economic equality within the society. Although initially, the commemoration of the necessity of eliminating of violence against women was made in Latin America and a number of countries all over the world, the obse rvance has no standard title and was only referred as No Violence Against Women Day and the Day to End Violence Against Women.Such a day was first declared by feminists in Bogota capital of South Carolina in commemoration of the Mirabal Sisters of Dominican Republic who have been perceived as the foundation of modern feminism. The Mirabal Sisters, also known as the Inolvidables Mariposas or the persistent Butterflies signifies the oppression against women. The amount of dedication and passion that they have given in order to attain women liberation and respect has been a source of dignity and inspiration to women around the world. Stop Violence Against Women Campaign On process 5, 2004, Amnesty International has established an international campaign in order to stop the violence that is made against women.Amnesty International has perceived violence against women as a widespread international problem that caused huge number of women lives. One notable activity of Amnesty is the op ening of the first harmless house in Kenya which keeps girls who are susceptible to female genital mutilation. The Campaign has also broadened the interpretation of VAW that is presented in the UN Declaration by focusing on the acts of neglect or deprivation against women. VAW is perceived by the campaign as those violence occurring in the family, in the community and other gender based violence. In relation with this, violence is perceived in different forms physical, psychological and sexual. Amnesty has presented three major reasons of gender based violence in developing countries.According to the campaign, social and political institutions through time demonstrable institutionalized patterns of values and standards that are obviously against for the development of women. For instance, the cultural value in some countries in Asia that a woman who opt to mollify at home and take care of her children and husband is considered virtuous. In addition, a number of cultural practices and traditions focusing on the idea of purity and sexual morality of women has also been a commonly used excuse to justify such violence. Such forms of oppression against women are perceived by the author as more severe and damaging in its very nature because it inculcates oppression and violence against women as a standard way of life- a sort of reality that one has to accept regardless of anything.Examples of such cultural practices are the Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa, Honor Killing in the center of attention East, and in some remote places in China- Foot binding. All of these cultural practices are due to the basic premise that women should be remain unspotted and pure until marriage and it is only through the exercise of such methods that a womans purity could be attained. More significantly, the exercise of FGM has been root on the idea that during sexual intercourse, women are not supposed to olfaction any type of pleasure, hence the mutilation of their geni talia, more particularly, the clitoris. Poverty and marginalization are also perceived by Amnesty International as both causes and consequences of the violence against women. Abusive situ